Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 3/4

Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

- Surface of epithelium begins to regenerate, it makes it's way across the granulation tissue beneath the scab - Scab detaches - Fully regenerated surface with scar or without depending on severity of wound.

describe what a merkel cell is and its importance.

- associated with sensory nerve endings and serve as touch receptors. - ***

Basal cell carcinoma

- least malignant - most common type - arises from stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma

- metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed - early removal allows a good chance of cure - believed to be sun-induced - arises from stratum spinosum

malignant melanoma

- most deadly of skin cancers - cancer melanocytes - metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels. - detection uses ABCD rule.

Distinguish between intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid.

intracellular fluid - fluid inside the cell interstitial (extracellular) - the fluid outside the cell containing hormones, amino acids, sugar, vitamins, salts, and neurotransmitters (the soup).

Serous: general characteristics and location

line body cavities that are closed to the exterior Simple Squamous Epithelium + Areolar Connective tissue 2 layers: • Parietal layer- Outer • Visceral layer- Inner Types: • Pleural- Surrounds Lungs • Pericardium- Surrounds Heart • Peritoneal- Surrounds some abdominal organs

synoval: general characteristics and location

line fibrous capsules surrounding joints → provide a smooth surfaces and lubricate joints • Cushions organs moving against each other during muscle activity (tendons across bones)

Mucous: general characteristics and location

lines all body cavities that open to the exterior Adapted for absorption or secretion i.e. Digestive and respiratory

apocrine glands

located mainly in the armpits, genital area, and around the nipples. (Empty into hair follicles) • The sweat produced by the apocrine glands contains proteins, fats, and other substances that result in a thicker and stickier sweat → broken down by the bacteria on the surface of the skin → odor to arise.

eccrine sweat gland

located over almost the entire body (proper body temp)

Endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)

movement of materials into the cell Pinocytosis: cell drinking Phagocytosis: cell eating

Exocytosis (vesicles)

movement of materials outside the cell. (hormones, mucous, waste products). the product to be released is first "packaged" into a small membranous sac called a vesicle.

malignant

not encapsulated, grow fast and kill host

Stratum Lucidum

only in palms of hands and feet.

blood vessels

play a role in body temperature regulation

Stratum Granulosum

produces keratin

facilitated diffusion

provides passage for certain needed substances (notably glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores. the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

Fibrosis

repair by dense connective tissue known as scar tissue. (for severe deep wounds)

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. (just for small cuts)

hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue is deep to dermis - Not technically part of the skin - Anchors skin to underlying organs (muscles) - Composed mostly of adipose tissue (stored energy) • New skin is manufactured to repair deep cuts. • cite of hair growth

Describe the components of the cell membrane and how the structure is important with regulating substances in and out of the cell.

The cell membrane being selectively permeable regulates the entry and exit of molecules into and out of the cell. The plasma membrane has a phospholipid bilayer because of the polar and nonpolar parts of the phospholipid. Functions: - Physical isolation - Regulation of exchange with the environment - Sensitivity to the environment - Structural support Tight junctions - Impermeable - Ex: small intestines Desmosomes - Anchors - Ex: skin Gap junctions - Communication - Ex: heart, embryonic cells

dermis

Two Layers: 1. Papillary layer (upper dermal region) 2. Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) Overall Structure: - collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis. *Collagen fibers give skin its toughness *Elastic fibers give skin elasticity - blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation

Sodium-Potassium Pump

active transport simultaneously carries sodium ions (Na+) out of and potassium ions (K+) into the cell.

List the different types of skin cancers.

basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

Receptor mediated endocytosis

coated vesicles? the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules. receptor proteins on the plasma membrane mind only with certain substances.

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Cutaneous: general characteristics and location

• Covers body Surface (skin) - Stratified Squamous Epithelium + areolar connective tissue reinforced by underlying dense connective tissue • Skin derivatives (associative organs) - Sweat glands - Oil glands - Hair - Nails

Granulation tissue forms

- Delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries grow into damage area - Very fragile; why a scab bleeds easily - Contains phagocytes that eventually dispose of clot and connective tissue cells of collagen fibers (scar tissue) to permanently bridge the gap

inflammation

- Injured tissues/cells release inflammatory chemicals making capillaries very permeable - Fluid rich in clotting proteins to seep into injured area from blood stream. - Constructs blood clot holds walls of injured area together. Preventing bacteria from spreading - Where clot is exposed to air it hardens forming a scab.

Identify the major functions of the Integumentary system

-Protects deeper tissues from • Mechanical damage (bumps) • Chemical damage (acids and bases) • Bacterial damage • Ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight) • Thermal (heat or cold) damage • Desiccation (drying out) -Aids in body heat loss or heat retention -Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid -synthesizes vitamin D

Describe the 3 components of the Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

Describe the three layers of skin and discuss the main differences.

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis

Identify the four main tissue types. Explain how they differ structurally and functionally...

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous

three events that occur when tissue injury occurs.

1. Inflammation 2. Granulation tissue forms 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

two ways tissues are repaired.

1. Regeneration 2. Fibrosis

List the five layers that make up the epidermis

1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum Corneum (outermost) 30 cell layers thick. 5. Stratum Lucidum (hairless/thick)

Describe three skin imbalances from the PPT.

1. athlete's foot (tinea pedis) - caused by fungal infection 2. Boils and carbuncles - caused by bacterial infection 3. cold sores - caused by virus

Identify 7 types of specialized cells in the human body and know examples for each type

1. connect body parts (erythrocyte) 2. cover and line body organs (epithelial cell) 3. Move organs and body parts (skeletal/muscle) 4. store nutrients (fat cell) 5. fight disease (macrophage) 6. gathers information and controls body functions (nerve cell) 7. Cells of reproduction (oocyte/sperm)

Identify the four types of membranes

1. mucous membrane 2. serous membrane 3. cutaneous membrane 4. synovial membrane

muscle

3 types: 1. smooth 2. cardiac 3. skeletal Structure: Functions: - contract - shorten - produce movement

Explain what is meant by a "Generalized Cell". Identify and explain the importance of the three main regions that all cell have in common.

All cells do have the same basic parts, and there are certain functions common to all cells. Generalized cells demonstrate these many typical features. In general, all cells have three main regions or parts --- a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane. *nucleus - control center * *

Distinguish between the 3 types of burns. Understand the "Rule of 9's" 1,2,3 dehydration, and infection.

First-degree burns: • Only epidermis is damaged • Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burns: • Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged • Skin is red with blisters Third-degree burns: • Destroy entire thickness of skin. • Burned areas appear blanched (gray-white) due to nerve endings being destroyed. Burns are considered critical if.... 1. Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns 2. Over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns 3. There are 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

Describe the structure of hair and nails.

Hair • Produced by hair follicle • Consists of keratinized epithelial cells • Bulk of shaft is keratinized dead protein

Epidermis

Made up of five layers: 1. Stratum Basale (deepest) 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Straum granulosum 4. Stratum Corneum (outermost) 30 cell layers thick 5. Stratum Lucidum (hairless/thick) Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cells, merkel cells

Describe the factors that contribute to skin color.

Melanin: • Yellow-brown or black pigment • Produced by melanocytes • Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight WHY?? → UV rays can damage DNA in skin cells...melanin is produced in melanosomes, taken up by keratinocytes & forms a pigmented umbrella to shield deeper cells.

Distinguish between sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Describe their secretions.

Oil (sebaceous) glands: • Produce oil (sebum) - Lubricant for skin - Prevents brittle hair - Kills bacteria • Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface • Glands are activated at puberty Sweat (sudoriferous) glands: • Two types: - Eccrine glands - Apocrine glands

See fig. 3.17 and explain how epithelial tissue is classified based on cell layers and shape.

One layer: simple epithelial tissues - squamous: diffusion and secretion in serous membranes - cuboidal: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells. - columnar: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells. - transitional More than one layer: stratified epithelial tissues - squamous: protection - cuboidal: Protection; these tissue types are rare in humans - columnar: Protection; these tissue types are rare in humans - transitional: protection; stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures.

Epithelial

Structure: Functions: - protection - secretion - filtration - absorption

Connective

Structure: Functions: - protection - support - binding structures

nervous

Structure: Neurons: - receive and conduct electrochemical impulses Neuroglia: - supportive cells

Stratum Basale

simple cuboidal layer. deepest. helps trigger cell production.

Benign

surrounded by capsule, grow slowly and seldom kill host

filtration

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure.

Simple diffusion

the unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane (or any selectively permeable membrane). Solutes transported this way are either lipid-soluble or able to pass through the membrane pores.