Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11
How long do platelets circulate before being removed by phagocytes?
9-12 days
Essay Questions. In the disease mononucleosis ("mono"), the spleen enlarges because of increased macrophage activity. Common symptoms of this disease include pale complexion, premature muscle fatigue, weakness, and a lack of energy, sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed. What might cause these symptoms?
A major function of the spleen is to destroy old, defective, and worn-out red blood cells. As the spleen increases in size in cases of mononucleosis, so does its capacity to eliminate red blood cells, and this results in anemia. The decreased number of circulating red blood cells decreases the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues, and thus their metabolism is slowed down. This would account for the symptoms of muscle fatigue, weakness, and lack of energy. Because there are fewer red blood cells than normal, the blood circulating through the skin is not as red, and so the person has a pale or white skin coloration.
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following?
intrinsic factor
Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are
leukocytes.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label J represents
lymphocytes.
Which of the following are the most active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) erythrocytes
neutrophils
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label E represents
organic nutrients.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label F represents
organic wastes.
In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel?
peripheral capillaries
The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is
3, 5, 1, 4, 2.
Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume.
46-63
A normal WBC count is about ________ cells per microliter.
5,000-10,000
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
Anemia
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means
Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.
EPO
________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.
Erythrocytes
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?
Factor X
Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?
It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.
________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages.
Monocytes
Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men?
Women have approximately half as many iron reserves.
What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?
a reduction in blood loss
Type AB blood contains
agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B.
Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are
albumins
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label A represents
albumins.
During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule?
amino acids
Platelets
are a major component of the vascular clotting system.
Neutrophils
are active in fighting bacterial infection.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label I represents
basophils
Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?
basophils
The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
basophils.
In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?
biliverdin
The function of hemoglobin is to
bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Platelets are
cellular fragments.
Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?
during anemia
During their formation, RBCs
eject their nucleus.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label D represents
electrolytes.
A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called
embolus.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label H represents
eosinophils
Formation of red blood cells is called
erythropoiesis.
Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.
extracellular fluid
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label C represents
fibrinogen
Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?
fibrinolysis
A hemoglobin molecule contains
four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions.
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label B represents
globulins
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against pathogens.
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called
hematocrit.
Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called
hemocytoblasts
When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called
hemoglobinuria.
The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed
hemophilia.
A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was
infected by parasites.
Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood?
jaundice
Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins?
liver
Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes.
liver and spleen
When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
lymphocytes.
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocyte
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label K represents
monocytes.
The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are
monocytes.
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation?
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the
neutrophil.
Pus associated with infected wounds contains which type of white blood cell?
neutrophils
(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label G represents
neutrophils.
EPO is released when
oxygen levels in the blood decrease.
A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause
pernicious anemia.
During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?
plasmin
As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of
plasminogen.
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of
platelets.
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?
presence/absence of clotting proteins
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow.
The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood?
restricting fluid losses at injury sites
During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?
reticulocyte
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?
sickle cell anemia
Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of
surface antigens.
The common pathway of coagulation ends with
the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by
the activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen.
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by
the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.
A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n)
thrombus.
Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called
venipuncture.
Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.
vitamin K
The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.
whole blood
The average life span of a red blood cell is about
4 months.
As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?
Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
Diapedesis