Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11

How long do platelets circulate before being removed by phagocytes?

9-12 days

Essay Questions. In the disease mononucleosis ("mono"), the spleen enlarges because of increased macrophage activity. Common symptoms of this disease include pale complexion, premature muscle fatigue, weakness, and a lack of energy, sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed. What might cause these symptoms?

A major function of the spleen is to destroy old, defective, and worn-out red blood cells. As the spleen increases in size in cases of mononucleosis, so does its capacity to eliminate red blood cells, and this results in anemia. The decreased number of circulating red blood cells decreases the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues, and thus their metabolism is slowed down. This would account for the symptoms of muscle fatigue, weakness, and lack of energy. Because there are fewer red blood cells than normal, the blood circulating through the skin is not as red, and so the person has a pale or white skin coloration.

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following?

intrinsic factor

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are

leukocytes.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label J represents

lymphocytes.

Which of the following are the most active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) erythrocytes

neutrophils

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label E represents

organic nutrients.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label F represents

organic wastes.

In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel?

peripheral capillaries

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is

3, 5, 1, 4, 2.

Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume.

46-63

A normal WBC count is about ________ cells per microliter.

5,000-10,000

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

Anemia

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means

Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.

EPO

________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.

Erythrocytes

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?

Factor X

Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?

It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.

________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages.

Monocytes

Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men?

Women have approximately half as many iron reserves.

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?

a reduction in blood loss

Type AB blood contains

agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B.

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are

albumins

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label A represents

albumins.

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule?

amino acids

Platelets

are a major component of the vascular clotting system.

Neutrophils

are active in fighting bacterial infection.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label I represents

basophils

Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?

basophils

The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

basophils.

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?

biliverdin

The function of hemoglobin is to

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Platelets are

cellular fragments.

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?

during anemia

During their formation, RBCs

eject their nucleus.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label D represents

electrolytes.

A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called

embolus.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label H represents

eosinophils

Formation of red blood cells is called

erythropoiesis.

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.

extracellular fluid

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label C represents

fibrinogen

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?

fibrinolysis

A hemoglobin molecule contains

four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions.

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label B represents

globulins

The primary function of white blood cells is to

help defend the body against pathogens.

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called

hematocrit.

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called

hemocytoblasts

When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called

hemoglobinuria.

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed

hemophilia.

A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was

infected by parasites.

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood?

jaundice

Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins?

liver

Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes.

liver and spleen

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of

lymphocytes.

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

monocyte

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label K represents

monocytes.

The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are

monocytes.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation?

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the

neutrophil.

Pus associated with infected wounds contains which type of white blood cell?

neutrophils

(Components of Plasma and Types of WBCs) Label G represents

neutrophils.

EPO is released when

oxygen levels in the blood decrease.

A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause

pernicious anemia.

During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?

plasmin

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of

plasminogen.

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of

platelets.

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?

presence/absence of clotting proteins

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

red bone marrow.

The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood?

restricting fluid losses at injury sites

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?

reticulocyte

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

sickle cell anemia

Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of

surface antigens.

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by

the activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen.

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by

the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.

A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n)

thrombus.

Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called

venipuncture.

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.

vitamin K

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.

whole blood

The average life span of a red blood cell is about

4 months.

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.

Diapedesis