Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 12 The spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal reflexed
in which of he following would a delay between stimulus and response be greater
a polysynaptic response
each peripheral nerve provides _________ innervation to peripheral structures
motor and sensory AND motor or sensory
blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run a long the surface of the
pia mater
the _______ is a stand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament
filum terminale
the ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, EXCEPT the ___________ plexus
nuchal
the spinal cord continues to elongate until about age
4 years
the outward projections for the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called
horns
enlargement of the spinal cord occur
in those spinal segments that control the limbs
in menigitis
inflammation of the meninges occurs, bacteria can be the cause, viruses can be the cause, CSF flow can be disrupted, all of the above
reflexes based on synapses formed during development are _________ reflexes
innate
the complex, interwove network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)
plexus
as the _______ nerve approaches the know, it divides into two branches, the fibual nerve and the tibial nerve
sciatic
each of the following nerves originates int he lumbar plexus, except the _______ nerve
sciatic
if the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,
sensory input would be blocked
the posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
sensory nuclei
cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
subarachnoid space
samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the
subarachnoid space
identify the structure labeled 6 (spinal nerves)
sympathetic ganglion
the reflex that prevents a muscles from exerting too much tension is the _______ reflex
tendon
the subdural space lies between
the dura mater and he arachnoid mater
reflexes can be classified according to all of the following EXCEPT
whether they are a sensory or motor
the preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord form the
white rami communicantes
which of the following is NOT true about positive babinski reflex
why you close your eyes when you sneeze
in which structure are the sensory bodies located
10
which of the following associations is INCORRECT
11 thoracic spinal nerves
the obturator nerve is distributed to the
adductors of the hip
identify the structure labeled 10
anterior gray commisure
nerve tracts of fasciculi make up the
anterior white colums
spinal nerves are
both sensory and motor
in which plexus doe the ulnar nerve arise
brachial
the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the __________ plexus
brachial
the white matter of the spinal cord contains
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations and functions
all of the following are true of neural reflexes EXCEPT that they
cannot e modified by the brain
the ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles
crossed extensor
marry is in a car accident and suffers a spinal cord injury she has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. which part of her cord is likely to be compressed
descending tracts
the __________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back
dorsal ramus
the tough fibrous outermost covering of the spinal cord is the
dura mater
the layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the
endoneurium
the outermost connective-tissue covering of the nerves is the
epineurium
in an adult, the conus medullaris is found about
L1
the spinal cord consists of five regions and ______ segments
31
the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of sensory neurons
the layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the
pia mater
a dorsal and vental root of each spinal segment unite to form a
spinal nerve
identify the structure labeled 8 (spinal nerves)
spinal nerve
after age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate but the spinal cord itself does not
4
where do somatic motor neurons reside
15
all of the following are true of polysnyaptic reflexes EXCEPT that they
are arranged according to dermatones
all of the following are true of muscle spindles, EXCEPT that they
are found in tendons
Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form
autonomic nerves
the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons
the dorsal root gangly mainly contain
cell bodies of sensory neurons
muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the _________ region
cervical
in the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as
columns
which of the following is true regarding an epidural block
common used as a method of pain control during late and delivery; it affects on the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection, it can be difficult to achieve upper cervical and mid thoracic region; it provides mainly sensory anesthesia, all of the above
the epidural space contains
connective tissue and blood vessels
what is the function of the structure labeled 14
control of visceral effectors
axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found n the
gray commisures
the postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve are
gray rami communicantes
the stretch reflex
is important in regulating muscle length AND is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens
a viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will
lead to muscle weakness or paralysis
spinal nerves from the sacral region of the the cord innervate the ___________ muscles
leg
bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells int he posterior gray horns in his spinal cord, as a result, which of the following would you expect
loss of sensation in this torso
if a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he
might be unable to breathe on his own
the flexor reflex
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following EXCEPT
multipolar
the white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
myelinated axons
the gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
nerve cell bodies
the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the
perneurium
the _______ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm
phrenic
the brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except
phrenic
identify the structure labeled 1
posterior white column
identify the structure labeled 5 (spinal nerves)
rami communicantes
spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called
reciprocal inhibition
in the condition ___________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatones
shingles
compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is
shorter
the anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
somatic motor nuclei
what is the function of the structure labeled 12
somatic sensory receiving
the specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the
spinal meniges
tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back, her frightened parents take her to the Er where she is examined. her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative babinski). these results suggest that
tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord
identify the structure labeled 2 (spinal nerves)
ventral ramus
the ______ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs
ventral ramus