Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 2 Lecture
What are triglycerides?
-3 fatty acids linked to glycerol -Formed by dehydration synthesis -Energy storage -Insulation and shock absorption
What is chemical reactivity?
-Ability to participate in chemical reactions -Water ionizes into H+ and OH- -Water ionizes many other chemicals
What do cells need to start?
-Activation energy -Enzymes
What is heat capacity?
-Amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 gram by 1 degree celsius -Calories are the basic unit of heat
What are the features of protein?
-Basic building blocks of 20 amino acids -Contain basic elements - C, N, O, H
What are the 4 cell types of organic molecules?
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic acids
What are the different features of organic molecules?
-Contain H,C and usually O -Covalently bonded -Contain functional groups that determine chemistry
What is RNA?
-Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
What are different types of reactions?
-Dehydration synthesis -Hydrolysis
What is DNA?
-Determines inherited characteristics -Directs protein synthesis -Controls enzyme production -Controls metabolism
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
-Energy -Supply materials to build cell structures -Stored in body as energy reserve
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
-Glycogen -Starch -Cellulose
What are eicosanoids?
-Inflammation from prostaglandins
What are the 3 main types of bonds?
-Ionic -Covalent -H-bond
What are the features of lipids?
-Mainly hydrophobic molecules -Mostly C & H -FATTY ACIDS as well as many other fats
What are the different types of RNA?
-Messenger RNA (mRNA) -Transfer RNA (tRNA) -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What are the features of carbohydrates?
-Polysaccharides -Monosaccharides -Disaccharide
Why is water important?
-Solvency -Hydrophilic
What are phospholipids?
-Structural foundation of cell membrane -Ampipathic
What are the functions of proteins?
-Structural materials -Energy source -Chemical messengers -Receptors in cell membrane -Antibodies -Enzymes
What are 3 important disaccharides?
-Sucrose (table sugar) -Lactose (milk sugar) -Maltose (grain sugar)
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms joined by strong bonds
What is a compound?
2 or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
What's the pH of human blood?
7.35 to 7.45; more basic
What is solvency?
Ability to dissolve other chemicals
Catalyst
Accelerate the reaction, but is unchanged itself ex; heat
What are enzymes?
Act as catalysts to lower activation energy
How do you add higher forms of energy to ATP?
Adding a P to it
What is activation energy?
Amount of energy needed to get it started
What's an ionic bond?
Attraction between cations and anions
What's the neutral pH?
Balance of H+ and OH-
What is an atom?
Basic particles of matter
What is hydrolysis?
Breakdown of large molecules by adding water (catabolism in cells)
What is a nucleus?
Center of an atom containing protons and neutrons
What is an ion?
Charged particle with unequal number of protons
What is pH?
Concentration of H+ ions in solution
What are electrons?
Concentric clouds surrounding the membrane
What are steroids?
Contains cholesterol that is important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes
Who is Neils Bohr? (1913)
Created atomic idea
What is hydrophilic?
Dissolves in water, polarized or charged molecules ex; sugar
What is hydrophobic?
Do not dissolve in water, nonpolar or neutral molecules ex; fat
What is ATP?
Energy currency
What is the fourth structure?
Final protein shape, several tertiary structures together
What is dehydration synthesis?
Formation of large molecules by the removal of water (anabolism in cells)
What is basic pH?
Higher than 7.0
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
When is an atom electrically neutral?
If number of electrons equal the number of protons
What is a polar covalent bond?
Involves equal sharing of electrons
What is a chemical bond?
Involves the sharing, gaining and losing of electrons in the valence shell
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Involves unequal sharing of electrons
What are nucleic acids?
Large organic molecules found in nucleus
What are fatty acids?
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen at one end
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides
What is acidic pH?
Lower than 7.0
What is water?
Makes up 2/3 of total body weight
Products
Materials coming out of reaction
Reactants
Materials going into a reaction
What is a solvent?
Medium in which another substance is dispersed
What are proteins?
Most abundant and organic molecule
What do nucleotides make up?
Nucleic acids
What can be used to store energy?
Nucleotides for ATP and ADP
What is an anion?
Particle that has a net negative charge due to a gain of electrons
What is a cation?
Particle that has a net positive charge due to a loss of electrons
What is the third structure of a protein?
Secondary structure folds into unique shape
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
What are covalent bonds?
Strong bond involving shared electrons
What is cohesion?
Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other, water coercive due to hydrogen bonds
What is adhesion?
Tendency of one substance to cling to another, water adheres to large membranes reducing friction around organs
What is ionization?
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
What is a solution?
Uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
What do metabolic reactions depend on?
Water solvency
What is an H-bond?
Weak polar bond based on partial electrical attraction