Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 28

15. Mitosis involves crossing over and the production of haploid daughter cells. A. True B. False

B. False

33. Primary follicles form before birth. A. True B. False

B. False

94. The corpora cavernosa extend within the glans of the penis. A. True B. False

B. False

76. What part of a spermatozoon contains the nuclear material? A. Acrosome cap B. Head C. Midpiece D. Flagellum E. Tail

B. Head

38. Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of A. inhibin. B. LH. C. ovulin. D. estrogen. E. progesterone.

B. LH.

11. The X and Y chromosomes are considered homologous autosomes. A. True B. False

B. False

122. An erection is the result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation is the result of sympathetic innervation. A .True B. False

A .True

115. The testes are the male gametes. A. True B. False

B. False

112. In males, the labioscrotal swellings form the A. scrotum. B. scrotum and testes. C. scrotum and root of the penis. D. scrotum and dorsal side of the penis. E. scrotum and ventral side of the penis.

A. scrotum.

81. When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce A. more gametes that are larger in size. B. more gametes that are smaller in size. C. fewer gametes that are larger in size. D. fewer gametes that are smaller in size.

B. more gametes that are smaller in size.

107. During development, the __________ ducts form the female duct system. A. mesonephric B. paramesonephric C. metanephric D. parametanephric E. Wolffian

B. paramesonephric

68. The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to A. attach the penis to the body wall. B. produce erections. C. regulate the temperature of the testes. D. help the testes descend into the scrotum prior to birth. E. move sperm along the ductus deferens.

C. regulate the temperature of the testes.

73. The interstitial cells in the testes A. undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes. B. support and protect the developing sperm cells. C. secrete testosterone. D. convert fructose to glucose to nourish the sperm. E. form the lining of the seminiferous tubules.

C. secrete testosterone.

113. Anti-Mullerian hormone is sectreted by A. ovarian follicular cells. B. primary spermatocytes. C. sustentacular cells. D. interstitial cells. E. paramesonephric cells.

C. sustentacular cells.

37. What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1? A. Luteal, follicular, ovulation B. Follicular, luteal, ovulation C. Follicular, ovulation, luteal D. Ovulation, follicular, luteal E. Ovulation, luteal, follicular

C. Follicular, ovulation, luteal

26. Which cord or sheet of connective tissue attaches to the ovary at the hilum? A. Suspensory ligament B. Ovarian ligament C. Mesovarium D. Broad ligament E. Round ligament

C. Mesovarium

16. Which choice best distinguishes between mitosis and meiosis? A. Mitosis produces sex cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces somatic cells that are genetically different from the parent cell. B. Mitosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. C. Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell. D. Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

C. Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell.

88. Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra? A. Seminal vesicle B. Bulbourethral gland C. Prostate gland D. Cowper's gland E. Urethral gland

C. Prostate gland

91. Which of these male reproductive structures is unpaired (meaning there is only one in the body)? A. Epididymis B. Bulbourethral gland C. Prostate gland D. Seminal vesicle E. Corpus cavernosum

C. Prostate gland

64. The secretory structures that produce milk in a lactating female are the A. lactiferous sinuses. B. lactiferous ducts. C. alveoli. D. areolar glands. E. Bartholin glands.

C. alveoli.

6. The primary target cells for GnRH are located in the A. hypothalamus. B. gonads. C. anterior pituitary gland. D. adrenal gland. E. genitals.

C. anterior pituitary gland.

77. The stages that appear during spermatogenesis are a: spermatid b: primary spermatocyte c: spermatogonium d: spermatozoon e: secondary spermatocyte What is the correct order of appearance of these stages? A. b, e, c, d, a B. c, e, d, a, b C. c, b, e, a, d D. a, c, b, e, d E. d, b, c, e, a

C. c, b, e, a, d

17. The process by which double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is known as A. crossing over, and it occurs in interphase. B. crossing over, and it occurs in mitosis. C. crossing over, and it occurs in meiosis. D. interphase, and it occurs in meiosis. E. interphase, and it occurs in mitosis.

C. crossing over, and it occurs in meiosis.

44. Fimbriae A. are extensions of the ovarian ligament. B. line the ampulla of the uterine tube. C. enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation. D. are sloughed off during menstruation. E. assist in the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract.

C. enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation.

50. The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer is the A. myometrium. B. perimetrium. C. endometrium. D. serosa. E. muscularis.

C. endometrium.

78. The acrosome cap contains A. testosterone. B. nutrients to sustain the sperm. C. enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte. D. mitochondria to provide energy for movement. E. buffers to neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract.

C. enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.

95. The external urethral orifice is found at the _________ of the penis. A. bulb B. crus C. glans D. corpus cavernosum E. body

C. glans

32. Ovulation occurs when an oocyte is released from a ruptured _____ follicle. A. secondary B. primary C. mature D. primordial E. oogonial

C. mature

65. The posterior pituitary hormone that is crucial for milk ejection is A. LH. B. GnRH. C. oxytocin. D. prolactin. E. progesterone.

C. oxytocin.

97. The ___________ nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of __________. A. sympathetic, nitric oxide B. sympathetic, norepinephrine C. parasympathetic, nitric oxide D. parasympathetic, norepinephrine E. somatic, acetylcholine

C. parasympathetic, nitric oxide

29. What structure forms from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation? A. Corona radiata B. Zona pellucida C. Corpus albicans D. Corpus luteum E. Antrum

D. Corpus luteum

70. Which of the following is a thin layer of smooth muscle just beneath the skin of the scrotum? A. Raphe B. Cremaster C. Tunica vaginalis D. Dartos muscle E. Inguinal muscle

D. Dartos muscle

56. Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation? A. Perimetrium B. Basal layer of endometrium C. Myometrium D. Functional layer of endometrium E. Epimetrium

D. Functional layer of endometrium

46. What is the correct order for the segments of the uterine tube, beginning at the ovary? A. Infundibulum - isthmus - ampulla - uterine part B. Uterine part - infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus C. Ampulla - infundibulum - uterine part - isthmus D. Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part E. Uterine part - isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum

D. Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part

62. Which of these structures contains sebaceous glands? A. Clitoris B. Vestibular bulb C. Mons pubis D. Labia minora E. Prepuce

D. Labia minora

100. In males, the _________ region on the Y chromosome initiates male phenotypic development. A. HRT B. AMH C. TDF D. SRY E. BPH

D. SRY

75. Which is not true about spermatogenesis? A. The process includes two meiotic divisions. B. The final stage of the process is called spermiogenesis. C. Mature spermatozoa are haploid (n=23). D. Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life. E. The process takes place in the walls of the seminiferous tubules.

D. Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life.

27. Which is not correct regarding the ovaries? A. Each ovary has an outer cortex and an inner medulla. B. The ovaries are located lateral to the uterus. C. The ovarian artery and vein join the ovary at its hilum. D. The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium. E. The tunica albuginea is deep to the germinal epithelium.

D. The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium.

49. Which does not provide structural support for the uterus? A. Round ligament B. Transverse cervical ligament C. Uterosacral ligament D. Uterine ligament E. Urogenital diaphragm

D. Uterine ligament

45. The normal site of fertilization is the A. vagina. B. body of the uterus. C. fundus of the uterus. D. ampulla of the uterine tube. E. uterine part of the uterine tube.

D. ampulla of the uterine tube.

96. An erection of the penis is caused by A .semen pressure from the testes and ductus deferens. B. muscle flexion of the penile muscles. C. increased secretions of lymph into the spongy tissue. D. blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins. E. ejaculatory muscles.

D. blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins.

14. When the process of meiosis is complete, the result is A. two daughter cells that are diploid. B. two daughter cells that are haploid. C. four daughter cells that are diploid. D. four daughter cells that are haploid.

D. four daughter cells that are haploid.

4. Puberty is initiated when a region of the brain begins secreting A. luteinizing hormone. B. estrogen or testosterone. C. follicle-stimulating hormone. D. gonadotropin-releasing hormone. E. androgens.

D. gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

24. The daughter cells that result from meiosis I are A. diploid and contain single-stranded chromosomes. B. diploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes. C. haploid and contain single-stranded chromosomes. D. haploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes.

D. haploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes.

43. The lateral margin of the uterine tube, which bears the fimbriae, is called the A. ampulla. B. fornix. C. isthmus. D. infundibulum. E. uterine part.

D. infundibulum.

61. Progesterone levels are highest during the ________ phase. A. menstrual B. proliferative C. follicular D. luteal E. ovulation

D. luteal

35. A secondary oocyte arrests in A. prophase I. B. anaphase II. C. prophase II. D. metaphase II. E. metaphase I.

D. metaphase II.

54. The hymen is located A. at the cervix. B. near the fundus of the uterus. C. at the superior end of the vagina. D. near the vaginal orifice. E. at the external urethral sphincter.

D. near the vaginal orifice.

10. Human somatic cells contain only one pair of A. chromosomes. B. autosomes. C. homologous chromosomes. D. sex chromosomes.

D. sex chromosomes.

74. Developing sperm cells are protected by a blood-testis barrier formed by A. connective tissue septa. B. interstitial spaces. C. Leydig cells. D. sustentacular cells. E. leukocytes.

D. sustentacular cells.

7. The perineum consists of an anterior A. ischial tuberosity and a posterior anal ellipse. B. urethral orifice and a posterior pubic crest. C. false pelvis and a posterior true pelvis. D. urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. E. pubic quadralateral and a posterior anal rhombus.

D. urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle.

2. The gonads A. are the male testes and female ovaries. B. secrete sex hormones. C. produce gametes. D. are dormant until puberty. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

90. Which of the following is not a component of seminal fluid? A. Prostaglandin B. Citric acid C. Mucous D. Seminalplasmin E. Calcium

E. Calcium

63. Which is not part of the vulva? A. Mons pubis B. Clitoris C. Labia majora D. Labia minora E. Vagina

E. Vagina

83. Which structure is not found in both males and females? A. Glans B. Corpora cavernosa C. Tunica albuginea D. Prepuce E. Vestibular gland

E. Vestibular gland

31. The volume of the antrum is largest in a __________ follicle. A. primary B. secondary C. primordial D. polar E. mature

E. mature

52. The myometrium of the uterus is composed of A. skeletal muscle. B. mucous membrane. C. fibrous connective tissue. D. loose connective tissue. E. smooth muscle.

E. smooth muscle.

36. How many secondary oocytes ultimately develop from each primary oocyte? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

A. 1

58. What is the correct order for the phases of the uterine cycle, beginning with day 1? A. Menstrual - proliferative - secretory B. Proliferative - secretory - menstrual C. Secretory - proliferative - menstrual D. Menstrual - secretory - proliferative E. Proliferative - menstrual - secretory

A. Menstrual - proliferative - secretory

1. Both males and females have accessory reproductive organs, including ducts through which gametes are carried. A. True B. False

A. True

108. Male embryos develop both Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, but only the Wolffian ducts remain in the male fetus. A. True B. False

A. True

117. The corpus luteum secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone. A. True B. False

A. True

118. Movement of the oocyte along the uterine tube is due to peristalsis and ciliary action. A. True B. False

A. True

119. The clitoris is homologous to the penis. A. True B. False

A. True

120. The dartos muscle is composed of smooth muscle; the cremaster muscle is composed of skeletal muscle. A. True B. False

A. True

21. Meiosis I is a reduction division. A. True B. False

A. True

25. The final products of the two meiotic divisions are four haploid daughter cells from an original diploid cell. A. True B. False

A. True

40. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. A. True B. False

A. True

42. FSH facilitates the development of a primary follicle, but estrogen released by a primary follicle inhibits production of GnRH, LH, and FSH. A. True B. False

A. True

5. Prior to puberty, the anterior pituitary does not release FSH and LH. A. True B. False

A. True

59. Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, and estrogen assists with the development of the dominant follicle. A. True B. False

A. True

67. During female sexual excitement, the mammary glands, clitoris, and labia become engorged with blood. A. True B. False

A. True

87. Efferent ductules contain cilia that propel sperm toward the epididymis. A. True B. False

A. True

86. The ejaculatory duct is formed by the A. ampulla and the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle. B. ductus deferens and the ducts of the prostate gland. C. ampulla and the distal portions of the bulbourethral glands. D. ductus deferens and the ducts of the prostate gland and bulbourethral glands. E. ampulla and the prostatic urethra.

A. ampulla and the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle.

111. In females, the genital tubercle forms the A. clitoris. B. vagina. C. labia majora. D. labia minora. E. uterus.

A. clitoris.

51. The external os is the A. opening of the cervix into the vagina. B. inferior portion of the central cavity. C. bone that supports the uterus during pregnancy. D. uterine tube attachment site. E. primary suspensory ligament for the uterus.

A. opening of the cervix into the vagina.

19. Interphase occurs A. prior to meiosis. B. between meiosis I and meiosis II. C. between anaphase I and telophase I. D. between prophase I and prophase II. E. between telophase II and cytokinesis.

A. prior to meiosis.

30. Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in A. prophase I. B. anaphase I. C. prophase II. D. metaphase II. E. metaphase I.

A. prophase I.

84. The rete testis A. receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules. B. is the nerve plexus that supplies the testis. C. is a venous network that cools the arterial blood traveling to the testis. D. transports seminal fluid to the efferent ductules. E. is the site of spermiogenesis.

A. receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules.

116. Production of new primary oocytes by mitosis continues throughout a woman's life. A. True B. False

B. False

121. Sperm begin to exhibit motility once they exit the seminiferous tubules. A. True B. False

B. False

101. The expression of the ________ gene results in the production of proteins that stimulate synthesis of androgens that initiate development af a male phenotype. A. MDF B. SRY C. GRH D. YXP

B. SRY

53. What fibromuscular structure is about 10 centimeters long and serves as the birth canal? A. Fallopian tube B. Vagina C. Uterus D. Isthmus

B. Vagina

105. During menopause, the vaginal wall ________________________. A. becomes thicker B. becomes thinner C. does not change

B. becomes thinner

39. Inhibin is secreted by A. uterine lining cells, and it inhibits development of ovarian follicles. B. follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production. C. the anterior pituitary, and it inhibits GnRH production. D. the posterior pituitary, and it inhibits ovulation. E. hypothalamic cells, and it inhibits LH production.

B. follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production.

80. In men, LH stimulates A. hypothalamic cells to secrete GnRH. B. interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. C. anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH. D. sustentacular cells to secrete testosterone. E. spermatogenic cells to secrete ABP.

B. interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

8. The anterior border to the perineum is the A. anus. B. pubic symphysis. C. ischial tuberosity. D. bulbospongiosus muscle.

B. pubic symphysis.

103. The changes that occur in a woman's body at menopause are due to A. atrophy of the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus. B. reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone. C. increased production of androgens by the adrenal gland. D. depletion of oocyte supply. E. fluid retention that disrupts the osmotic balance of the body.

B. reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone.

22. A reduction division is one in which A. the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction take place. B. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had. C. one daughter cell is substantially reduced in size compared to the parent cell. D. the size of chromosomes is reduced from double-stranded to single-stranded.

B. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had.

41. Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days A. 1-5. B. 6-14. C. 15-28. D. 8-18.

C. 15-28.

114. The external genitalia do not become clearly differentiated until about week ____ of development. A. 6 B. 12 C. 20 D. 32 E. 38

C. 20

92. These tubuloalveolar glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. A. Seminal vesicles B. Prostate glands C. Bulbourethral glands D. Areolar glands

C. Bulbourethral glands

28. Which type of ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte? A. Secondary follicle B. Primary follicle C. Mature follicle D. Primordial follicle E. Polar follicle

C. Mature follicle

109. What structures fuse during female development to form the uterus? A. The superior ends of the mesonephric ducts B. The anterior ends of the Wolffian ducts C. The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts D. The posterior ends of the gubernaculum

C. The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts

102. The appearance of the external genitalia determines an individual's A. gender identity. B. genetic sex. C. phenotypic sex. D. genotypic sex.

C. phenotypic sex.

104. When a woman in her fifth decade of life is not pregnant and has stopped having menstrual cycles for _________, she is said to be in menopause. A. 2 months B. 4 months C. 6 months D. 1 year E. 18 months

D. 1 year

79. How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

D. 4

110. Paramesonephric ducts degenerate when the hormone ________ is present. A. inhibin B. estrogen C. testosterone D. AMH E. TSH

D. AMH

106. Which is not considered to be a change associated with aging in males? A. Erectile dysfunction B. Impotence C. Decreased testosterone levels D. Prostate enlargement E. Termination of spermatogenesis

E. Termination of spermatogenesis

23. Sister chromatids are pulled apart in A. prophase I. B. anaphase I. C. interphase. D. prophase II. E. anaphase II.

E. anaphase II.

82. Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature? A. Epididymis B. Rete testis C. Ductus deferens D. Seminiferous tubules E. Efferent ductules

A. Epididymis

93. Which of the following is true? A. Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm. B. Seminal fluid is composed of semen and sperm. C. Sperm are composed of seminal fluid within a cell membrane. D. The three ingredients of ejaculate are sperm, semen, and prostate-specific antigen.

A. Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm.

89. Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose? A. Seminal vesicle B. Bulbourethral gland C. Vestibular gland D. Prostate gland E. Urethral gland

A. Seminal vesicle

9. The ischiocavernosus muscle is located within the urogenital triangle. A. True B. False

A. True

99. During the resolution phase, the central artery of the penis decreases in diameter. A. True B. False

A. True

71. Which structure is derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity? A. Tunica vaginalis B. Perineal raphe C. Spermatic cord D. Tunica albuginea E. Mediastinum testis

A. Tunica vaginalis

13. A child has the same number of chromosomes as each of his parents. This is because the gametes that combined when that child was conceived each contained _____ chromosomes. A. 12 B. 23 C. 46 D. 92 E. 2

B. 23

48. Which is not a uterine function? A. Protection and support of developing embryo B. Usual site of fertilization C. Site of implantation D. Muscle contraction for labor and delivery E. Passageway for sperm

B. Usual site of fertilization

55. Menarche is A. the first four days of menstruation. B. a female's first menstrual cycle. C. the stage immediately preceding menopause. D. marked by a dramatic decline in androgen secretion. E. the final phase of the uterine cycle.

B. a female's first menstrual cycle.

85. The structures of the male reproductive tract are a: ductus deferens b: urethra c: epididymis d: ejaculatory duct e: ampulla What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis? A. a, b, c, e, d B. c, a, e, d, b C. a, c, e, b, d D. c, a, b, d, e E. d, a, c, e, b

B. c, a, e, d, b

12. A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is A. polyploid. B. diploid. C. haploid. D. monoid.

B. diploid.

66. During the excitement phase of the female sexual response, the uterus shifts to a more _________ position. A. anteverted B. erect

B. erect

98. During orgasm, the ductus deferens undergoes A. peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder relaxes. B. peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder contracts. C. segmentation, and the external urethral sphincter contracts. D. segmentation, and the external urethral sphincter becomes engorged with blood.

B. peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder contracts.

34. In a female infant, the ovaries contain A. primordial oocytes within primordial follicles. B. primary oocytes within primordial follicles. C. primordial oocytes within secondary follicles. D. primary oocytes within corpora lutea. E. primordial oocytes within corpora albicans.

B. primary oocytes within primordial follicles.

69. The ridge that is visible externally along the midline of the scrotum is called the A. septum. B. raphe. C. perineum. D. tunica albuginea. E. scrotal cord.

B. raphe.

3. The male homologue to the labia majora is the A. testis. B. scrotum. C. penis. D. bulbourethral gland. E. prostate gland.

B. scrotum.

60. Although the length of the menstrual cycle varies between women, menstruation consistently occurs 14 days after ovulation, and thus the _________ phase is constant in length. A. follicular B. secretory C. proliferative D. menstrual

B. secretory

72. Sperm are produced in the A. rete testis. B. seminiferous tubules. C. epididymis. D. seminal vesicles. E. efferent ductules.

B. seminiferous tubules.

47. Although the lining of the uterine tubes contains cilia and the lining of the uterus does not, the epithelium within both organs is categorized as A. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. B. simple columnar epithelium. C. nonkeratinized squamous epithelium. D. stratified cuboidal epithelium. E. simple cuboidal epithelium.

B. simple columnar epithelium.

18. A replicated chromosome consists of two identical structures known as A. centromeres. B. sister chromatids. C. telomeres. D. haploids. E. tetrads.

B. sister chromatids.

20. When homologous replicated chromosomes pair up during meiosis, they form a A. sister chromatid. B. tetrad. C. single-stranded chromosome. D. centromere.

B. tetrad.

57. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with A. ovulation. B. the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. C. menstruation. D. the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. E. proliferation.

B. the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.