Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 8 Homework
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? the glenohumeral joint the hip joint the temporomandibular joint the tibiofemoral joint
the temporomandibular joint The temporomandibular joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion. This is used to grind food on the molars.
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? synarthrosis amphiarthrosis cartilaginous diarthrosis
cartilaginous Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints.
A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint. fibrous cartilaginous amphiarthrosis synovial
cartilaginous Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.
Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure? FIGURE 18 synovial joints fibrous joints cartilaginous joints
cartilaginous joints All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibrocartilage).
What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching? articular cartilage calcium elastic fibers collagen fibers
collagen fibers
The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________. muscle tendons that cross the joint bulky hip and thigh muscles surrounding the joint deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments rotator cuff muscles
dep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments The main contributors to hip-joint stability are the deep socket of the joint and the strong capsular ligaments. Joints that have shallow sockets, such as the shoulder and jaw (temporomandibular) joints, are relatively unstable and more easily dislocated.
Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint? FIGURE 19 synovial amphiarthrotic synarthrotic diarthrotic
diarthrotic Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and are therefore described as diarthrotic.
What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B? FIGURE 18 fibrocartilage dense irregular connective tissue hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage forms part of the articular materials on the bones shown in C and D, but it is not found in A and B
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture? amphiarthrotic joint fibrous joint synarthrotic joint cartilaginous joint
fibrous joint Sutures are fibrous, synarthrotic joints.
All three joints in the figure are classified as __________. FIGURE 17 fibrous joints synovial joints cartilaginous joints
fibrous joints In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.
What joint's actions may take place at the elbow from its current position? FIGURE 20 circumduct and pronate extension only pronate only flex and pronate
flex and pronate The elbow may flex or pronate from its current anatomical position.
Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones? extension protraction flexion supination
flexion Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component? bones ligaments muscles tendons
ligaments In a sprain, the ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn.
Why it is easier for a fall or blow to cause a dislocated shoulder injury than for a comparable fall or blow to cause a dislocated hip injury? shallower joint socket lower center of gravity relative joint location less articular cartilage
shallower joint socket
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________. type of synovial fluid shape of articular surfaces location size
shape of articular surfaces Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determines the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement? FIGURE 20 A B D E
A Ball-and-socket joints, as found in the shoulder and hip, are capable of multiaxial movement in all three planes.
Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis? FIGURE 18 A B C D
A Endochondral ossification of the growth plate leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis.
Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis? FIGURE 19 A B C D
B Overuse and normal aging can cause degeneration of the cartilage in joints, leading to osteoarthritis.
Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis? FIGURE 20 B D E F
B The radioulnar joint is a pivot joint in which movement of the ulna is limited to rotation along its own long axis.
Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths? Bursae serve as cushioning fat pads between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths reduce friction between adjacent structures. Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.
Which of the following is a hinge joint? FIGURE 20 A B E F
F Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movement.
The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface. True False
False The deeper the articular surface, the more stable the joint, but it seems that the strength of the muscles that cross the joint is the most important factor.
Which of the following statements is correct? If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. A joint that exhibits adduction and extension is uniaxial. If a joint can exhibit flexion, extension, and abduction, then it is triaxial. If a joint can exhibit adduction and abduction, then it is biaxial.
If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. A joint that moves in these three directions is triaxial. The three directions in this example are extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A? FIGURE 17 It is classified as amphiarthrotic. It is composed of hyaline cartilage. It becomes ossified late in adult development. It is formed by a synovial membrane.
It becomes ossified late in adult development. The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form synostoses during middle age.
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer? bursitis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis Lyme disease
Lyme disease Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. It often results in joint pain and arthritis.
Which statement about the knee is INCORRECT? Several ligaments cross the knee to stabilize the knee in several directions. The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint. The knee is vulnerable to lateral forces that can cause injury. Several bursae secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the knee.
The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint. The tibial condyles are very shallow. The menisci actually help to deepen the socket and stabilize the knee.
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint. Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint.
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. The shoulder joint has the best mobility of all the joints in the body. However, the adaptations that make it mobile sacrifice strength to provide the mobility.
Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure? FIGURE 17 They are movable, but only within a small range. They are freely movable. They are immovable.
They are immoveable. These joints are all considered to be immovable during normal conditions.
Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius. True False
True The radius articulates with the humerus at the capitulum. However, the humeroulnar joint is responsible for the hinge-like flexion and extension at the elbow. The radius slides over the ulna, creating pronation and supination in the forearm.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint? a syndesmosis a symphysis a suture a gomphosis
a symphysis A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.
Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable? diarthrosis synovial synarthrosis amphiarthrosis
amphiarthrosis Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.
Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint? anterior cruciate ligament oblique popliteal ligament tibial collateral ligament arcuate popliteal ligament
anterior cruciate ligament The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding forward.
Structures C and D collectively form which of the following? FIGURE 19 synovial membrane articular capsule bursae ligament
articular capsule The synovial membrane and the fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule.
To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________. mandibular fossa articular tubercle articular capsule articular disc
articular tubercle A tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle forms the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa.
Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints? synarthosis bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage bone ends covered with fibrocartilage an empty joint cavity
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.
If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________. medial rotation of an extended knee lateral rotation of an extended knee forward sliding of the tibia on the femur forward sliding of the femur
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur The ACL extends from the anterior intercondylar notch of the femur to the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia. This ligament prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur.
Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint? extension abduction rotation gliding
gliding Gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint a capsule that creates a space in the joint ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint synovial fluid
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint Hyaline cartilage makes up the articular cartilage in a synovial joint, but this does not connect the two sides together.
The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as __________. FIGURE 17 bones ligaments muscles tendons
ligaments The band of fibrous tissue that connects two bones is generally referred to as a ligament. In the case of the gomphosis shown in C, the fibrous connection is specifically termed the periodontal ligament.
Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D? FIGURE 19 loose connective tissue simple columnar epithelium dense irregular connective tissue hyaline cartilage
loose connective tissue This is a synovial membrane containing loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid.
Which of the following are correctly paired? biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements nonaxial movement; no movement
multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.
As one of four major knee ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is critical to knee stability. Patients with a slightly injured ACL may complain that their knee "wants to give-out from under them." Which of the following is a rehabilitation procedure that would most likely benefit this type of patient? extensive bed rest muscle strengthening exercises knee replacement arthroscopic surgery
muscle strengthening exercises
The thumb joint indicated by D mediates which of the following special movements? FIGURE 20 inversion opposition dorsiflexion elevation
opposition Opposition is the movement that allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger.
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________. retraction dorsiflexion opposition supination flexion
opposition The saddle joint between metacarpal I of the thumb and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition--the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.
Which of the following are correctly matched? gout; inflammation of the tendons bursitis; uric acid crystals in the joint osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease tendonitis; inflammation of the joint
osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic degenerative joint disease often called "wear-and-tear arthritis."
Which type of movement is unique to the forearm? opposition extension pronation adduction
pronation Supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement of the radius and ulna. This allows rotation of our hand in space.
Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement? knee ankle elbow shoulder
shoulder In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone).
Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure? FIGURE 18 fibrous diarthrotic amphiarthrotic synarthrotic
synarthrotic The cartilage joint formed between the first rib and the manubrium is immovable.
Which of the following are correctly paired? suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments syndesmosis; bony edges interlock gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses.
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? fibrous cartilaginous diarthrosis synovial
synovial Synovial is a structural classification for joints. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? the shape of the articulating surfaces the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.
What factor would account for a strong synovial joint? small reinforcing ligaments low muscle tone the deepest articular surface synovial fluid
the deepest articular surface The deepest articular surface would likely lead to a strong synovial joint.
