Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (1, 4)

What does gastric mean?

"Of the stomach"

What does hypogastric mean?

"below stomach"

What does hypo mean?

"beneath" ex) beneath the skin

What does chondriac mean?

"cartilage"

What does the term physiology stand for?

"function"

What does lumbar mean

"lower part of back"

What does the term anatomy stand for?

"to cut"

How does a homeostatic imbalance impact a person?

-Increases risk of disease -Contributes to changes associated with aging (control systems become less efficient) -If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (i.e. heart failure)

Describe the process of homeostasis using temperature as the variable

1. Body temperature rises (stimulus = heat) 2. Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain (receptors) recognize this 3. Input: information is sent along afferent pathway to the thermoregulatory center in brain (control center). 4. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to sweat glands (effectors). 5. Response of effector allows evaporation of sweat. Body temperature falls; stimulus ends.

Describe the process of positive feedback homeostasis using a platelet plug as the example

1. Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall 2. Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals 3. Released chemicals attract more platelets 4. Platelet plug is fully formed

Give 2 examples of positive feedback

1. Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin 2. Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major functions of each system.

1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system/immunity 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Male Reproductive system 12. Female Reproductive system

Give an example of negative feedback using blood glucose

1. Receptors sense increased blood glucose 2. Pancreas (control center) secretes insulin in to the blood 3. Insulin causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels

Describe the step to maintain homeostasis

1. Stimulus produces change in variable 2. Receptor detects change 3. Input: information sent along afferent (directed inwards) pathway to control center. 4. Output: Information sent along efferent (directed outwards) pathway to effector. 5. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.

What four cell types are found in the epidermis?

1. kerantinocytes- produce keratin 2. melanocytes- produce melanin 3. dendritic (langerhans) cells- macrophages 4. tactile (merkel) cells- sensory receptors

What is in an organ system?

A group of organs performing similar functions ex) respiratory system, muscular system

what is in the organ level?

A group of tissues performing similar functions ex) heart, lungs, brain, esophagus, liver, eyes

What is in the organismal level?

All organ systems!

___ physiology examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular

Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body

Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level

What is the function of dentritic (langerhans) cells?

Dendritic cells are star-shaped macrophages (white blood cells) that patrol deep epidermis. They are key activators of the immune system.

___ is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Digestion

I break down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. What system am I?

Digestive system

My glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. What system am I?

Endocrine system

___ covers the body surface and lines its cavities. ___ provides movement. ___ supports and protects body organs. ___ provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.

Epithelium; muscle; connective tissue; nervous tissue

___ is the process of removing wastes, or excreta, from the body.

Excretion

___ is an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.

Growth

Houses Streets Towns States Country Which do these metaphors represent in the human body system?

Houses- atoms, molecules Streets- cells Towns- tissues States- organs Country- organ system

I form the external body covering, and protect deeper tissues from injury. I synthesize vitamin D, and house cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. What system am I?

Integumentary

What is the function of kerantinocytes?

Kerantinocytes produce keratin, a protein that gives skin its protective properties. They are the major cells of epidermis, and are tightly connected by desmosomes. Millions slough off every day.

What is in the left and right lumbar region?

Large intestines

What is the organ in the right hypochondriac region?

Liver

I pick up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood. I dispose debris in the lymphatic stream. I house white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. What am I?

Lymphatic system/immunity

I produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands that aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproduction tract. What am I?

Male reproductive system

What is the function of melanocytes?

Melanocytes are spider-shaped cells located in deepest epidermis. They produce melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes. Melanosomes are transferred to keratntinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage.

___ includes the activities promoted by the ___ system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming.

Movement; muscular

I allow manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. I maintain posture, and produce heat. What system am I?

Muscular system

What is negative feedback?

Negative feedback is the most-used feedback mechanism in the body. It's response reduces or shuts off original stimulus. The variable changes in opposite direction of initial change. Ex) regulation of body temperature or blood glucose by insulin

I am the fast-acting control system of the body. I respond to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. What system am I?

Nervous system

The highest level of organization is the ___. The ___ level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

Organism, organismal level

What is positive feedback?

Positive feedback is a response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. It may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change.

___ occurs at the cellular and the organismal level. In cellular ___, the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.

Reproduction

I keep blood constantly supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. What system am I?

Respiratory system

___, aka ___, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. For example, if you cut your hand on broken glass, a withdrawal reflect occurs.

Responsiveness; excitability

I protect and support body organs, and provide a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. What system am I?

Skeletal system

What is the organ in the left hypochondriac region?

Spleen

What is the organ in the epigastric region?

Stomach

What is the function of tactile (merkel) cells?

Tactile (merkel) cells are sensory receptors that sense touch

What is the job of the control center?

The control center determines the set point at which variable is maintained. It receives input from the receptor, and determines the appropriate response.

What is the job of the effector?

The effector receives output from the control center, and provides the means to respond. The response either provides negative feedback or positive feedback.

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in environment

What is the job of the receptor (sensor)?

To monitor the environment. The receptor responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)

I eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body. I regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. What system am I?

Urinary system

In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?

What a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.

What is in the right iliac region?

appendix

What is in the chemical level?

atoms, molecules

Is the epidermis avascular or vascular?

avascular

What is in the umbilical region?

belly button; "navel"

What is in the hypogastric region?

bladder

What organs belong to the skeletal system?

bones joints

What organs belong to the nervous system?

brain nerves spinal cord

What is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell?

cell, tissue, organ, organism

What is in the cellular level?

cells

At the ___ level, we look at cells, the smallest units of living things. Cells are the simplest living creatures, and each vary in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.

cellular

What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist's field of study?

cellular

At the ___ level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles, basic components of the microscopic cells.

chemical

What does vascular mean?

consists of blood vessels

Subdivisions of microscopic anatomy include ___, which considers the cells of the body, and ___, the study of tissues.

cytology; histology

What two regions make up the skin?

epidermis- superficial region (on the surface) dermis- underlies epidermis

What does the epidermis consist of?

epithelial tissue

The four basic tissue types are:

epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

What are variables?

factors that can change: blood sugar body temperature blood volume

I serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. What system am I?

female reproductive

What does the dermis consist of?

fibrous connective tissue

Physiology concerns the ___ of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

function

What organs belong to the cardiovascular system?

heart blood vessels

what is the study of tissues called?

histology

What organs belong to the urinary system?

kidney urinary bladder ureter urethra

What is in the left iliac region?

large intestine

What organs belong to the respiratory system?

larynx trachea lung bronchus pharynx nasal cavity

What organs belong to the lymphatic system/immune system?

lymph nodes spleen lymphatic vessels thoracic duct thymus red bone marrow

For an organism to keep its internal environment distinct from the external environment, it must ___.

maintain its boundaries

What organs belong to the female reproductive system?

mammary glands ovary uterus vagine uterine tube

What does the hypodermis consist of?

mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates

Survival needs of organisms include these four things:

nutrients (food) oxygen water appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

What organs belong to the digestive system?

oral cavity esophagus liver stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus

An ___ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

organ

In the ___ level, organs work together to accomplish common purpose.

organ system

What organs belong to the endocrine system?

pineal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland adrenal gland thymus pancreas testis ovary

What organs belong to the male reproductive system?

prostate penis testis ductus deferens scrotum

What three components are involved in homeostatic control?

receptor control center effector

___ physiology concerns kidney function and urine production.

renal

What is a tissue made of?

similar cells with the same function

Which organ system includes the bones and cartilages? Which includes the nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea?

skeletal system; respiratory system

What organs belong to the integumentary system?

skin nails hair sweat glands sebaceous (oil) glands

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

stratified squamous epithelium

Anatomy studies the ___ of body parts and their relationships to one another.

structure

What is the hypodermis?

subcutaneous (underneath skin) layer

In the ___ level, we look at groups of similar cells that hold a common function. These groups are called ___.

tissues; tissues

Is the dermis avascular or vascular?

vascular