Anatomy & Physiology FINAL

True or false: A selectively permeable membrane is able to allow all substances to pass only some of the time.

False

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

False

True or false: During the absolute refractory period a neuron will be re-stimulated if it reaches threshold.

False

True or false: Each ascending tract carries various types of information from several different types of sensory receptors.

False

True or false: Exocrine glands release their secretions into the blood, while endocrine release their secretions via ducts to a surface.

False

True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.

False

True or false: Most cells in the body have the same DNA and express their genes in the same way.

False

True or false: Small folds in the plasma membrane that are supported by microtubules are referred to as microvilli.

False

True or false: Spinal nerves are named for the region of the body that they innervate.

False

True or false: Summation of all incoming signals occurs at the axon terminus of a neuron.

False

True or false: The cytoskeleton contains calcium salts.

False

True or false: The only function of the abdominal muscles is to flex and rotate the vertebral column.

False

Identify all of the bases for neuron classification.

Function Structure

What are the functions of the midbrain?

Aids in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities Reflex movements of the head, eyes and body towards visual, auditory or tactile stimuli. Involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements

Labyrinth

Cavity in a bone

Neck

Constriction between head and body of bone

Identify locations of serous membranes.

Covering organs within trunk cavities. Lining the trunk cavities.

On the picture of the nail, the arrow is pointing to what part of the nail?

Cuticle

Fossa

Depression in bone

True or False: Sensation is the conscious awareness of a stimulus such as pain.

False

True or False: The 4 basic divisions of the brain are the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata.

False

True or False: The portion of the diencephalon, immediately inferior to the thalamus which contains ascending and descending tracts and the subthalamic nuclei is the hypothalamus.

False

Association areas may best be defined as ______.

cortical areas adjacent to the primary sensory areas that are important in the process of recognition

Mitochondria are in the space between the cell membrane and nucleus; therefore, they are in the ______.

cytoplasm

The head of the ulna is on its ______ end.

distal

The _____ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head.

dynamic

A movement that raises a body part superiorly is called ______.

elevation

The pineal gland is part of the

epithalamus

Convergent, parallel, pennate, and fusiform are terms used to describe ______.

fasciculi arrangement and muscle shape

The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.

integumentary

All unmodified proteins begin with the amino acid ______; its codon is also the start codon.

methionine

The start codon found in every mRNA codes for the amino acid ______.

methionine

Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______.

microvilli

Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

Organs like the liver and kidney cells contain cells that are active in detoxification. These cells contain a large number of _____ (name the organelle).

peroxisomes

What is the function of an osteoblast?

produces bone

The tibial and common fibular nerve combine to form the ______ nerve.

sciatic

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ______.

temporal lobe

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n) ______.

tissue

Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n)

tissues

The dermis contains receptors that detect ______.

touch pain changes in pressure variations in temperature

The matter of the spinal cord that consists of myelinated axons is the _________ matter.

white

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.

within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

Identify the structures that are part of the epithalamus.

Habenula Pineal gland

What are internal components of a cell that carry out metabolic functions?

Organelles

Which are characteristics used in the naming of muscles?

Origin and insertion Region of the body Size and shape

Which specific area of the cerebrum is indicated by the arrow in the diagram?

Primary somatic sensory cortex

Cochlear nerve

Transmits auditory information

Vestibular nerve

Transmits sensory information in regards to balance

External auditory canal

Transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane

Auditory Ossicles

Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Tympanic Membrane

Transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles

Olfactory neurons are located in the olfactory epithelium of the superior region of the nasal cavity.

True

True or False: In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds are formed or broken.

True

True or False: The adductors of the thigh are found in the medial compartment of the thigh.

True

True or False: The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body.

True

True or False: The perineum is inferior to the pelvic diaphragm.

True

True or False: The sense of taste is transmitted by three cranial nerves.

True

_________ movements are initiated with conscious involvement.

Voluntary

The four major types of organic molecules are ___________, ___________, proteins, and nucleic acids.

carbohydrates, lipids

The positions of the levers, fulcrums, weights and forces determine the ________ of the lever.

class

The viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called

mucus

Of the four classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ___________ tissue.

muscular

Body temperature increases. Increase in the production of sweat. Body temperature decreases. This is an example of _____ feedback.

negative

When the resting membrane potential becomes more _____ the condition is referred to as hyperpolarization.

negative

List of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, so that the least complex level is first and the most complex is last.

1. Atom 2. Cell 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism

Identify the neuronal pathway for hearing from the cochlear nerve and ending with the cerebral cortex.

1. Cochlear ganglion 2. Cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata 3. Inferior colliculus 4. Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 5. Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

Indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom.

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

List the layers of connective tissue surrounding nervous tissue starting with the most superficial layer and ending with innermost layer surrounding an individual Schwann cell sheath.

1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium

The PNS consists of _______ pair(s) of cranial nerves and ________ pair of spinal nerves(s).

12, 31

The typical number of bones in the adult skeleton is __________ (use a numerical value).

206

Carbohydrates have a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen close to _____.

2:1

The octet rule says atoms will tend to combine with other atoms until each has _____ electrons in its valence shell.

8

The primary motor cortex is designated by which letter in this figure?

A

Electrical synapse

A gap junction that allows an ionic current to flow between adjacent cells

Epineurium

A layer of dense connective tissue surrounding a nerve

If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?

A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine

Divergent pathway

A pathway where a small number of neurons synapse with a larger number of neurons

Convergent pathway

A pathway where several neurons synapse with a smaller number of neurons

What is a secretory vesicle?

A small vesicle that moves substances through the cell to the cell surface

Chemical synapse

A synapse where one cell releases a neurotransmitter to communicate with another cell

What is the name of the universal energy-transfer molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?

Adenosine triphosphate

Identify the function of a marker protein.

Allows for cellular identification

What is a lysosome?

An organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes and functions in intracellular digestion

Which muscles are extensors of the elbow?

Anconeus Triceps brachii

What are rods?

Bipolar photoreceptors that play a role in non-color vision under low light conditions

Which is a type of fluid connective tissue?

Blood

What do taste cells and olfactory cells have in common?

Both are sensory cells. Both are replaced continuously.

Name the plexus which supplies innervation to the muscles acting on the scapula and innervates the skin of the medial arm and forearm.

Brachial plexus

Ramus

Branch off the body beyond the angle

Which are characteristics of reflexes?

Can be influenced by higher brain centers Are homeostatic Automatic responses Integrated within the CNS

The part of the brain that is important in maintaining posture and equilibrium and is attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons is the

Cerebellum

What part of the brain integrates information about the position of the body's parts and sends out signals that coordinate skeletal muscle movements?

Cerebellum

Identify the structures that receive axons from the vestibular nucleus of medulla.

Cerebellum Thalamus Extrinsic eye muscles

What is the largest portion of the brain and is approximately 1200g in females and 1400g in males?

Cerebrum

Identify the structures within the external auditory canal that prevents foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane.

Cerumen Hair

The types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.

Circumduction Rotation Pronation

Auricle

Collects sound waves and directs them towards the external auditory canal

Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from ______.

DNA to mRNA

Which hypothesis of cell death says that some genes turn on late in life that lead to the cell death?

Death genes

Which is a role of the anterior abdominal wall muscles?

Decrease volume of abdominal cavity Protection Rotation of vertebral column Flexion of vertebral column Aids urinary and digestive system

Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging.

Decreases sensitivity to gravity Ability to identify specific odors decreases

Sulcus

Deep narrow depression

Endoneurium

Delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding a single axon and its Schwann cell sheath

Which shoulder muscles can cause more than one type of movement of the arm?

Deltoid Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi

Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus.

Diaphragm Posterior portion of the head Skin of the neck Muscles of the hyoid

What area of the brain is between the brainstem and cerebrum?

Diencephalon

Identify the four basic divisions of the brain.

Diencephalon Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum

Where in the brain are basal nuclei located?

Diencephalon Cerebrum Midbrain

Margin

Edge of a bone

Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?

Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

Scanning electron microscope

Enables the study of the fine surface structures of a cell

Head (bone)

Enlarged rounded end

What class of tissue is capable of secretion and absorption of substances?

Epithelial tissue

Auditory Tube

Equilibrates pressure between the outside air and the middle ear

The types of angular movements.

Extension Abduction Flexion

Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye.

Eyelid Lacrimal apparatus Conjunctiva Eyebrows

Identify the nerves that transmit taste sensations.

Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

True or False: As the height or amplitude of a sound wave increases, the loudness of the sound decreases.

False

True or false: When a substance is attracted to a watery environment because of its electrical properties, it is often referred to as being hydrophobic.

False

As one ages, what changes occur in the motor structures and functions of the nervous system?

Fatigue and difficulty with motor activities Loss of motor neurons Decline in muscle mass of motor units

Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.

Fluid Ground substance Protein fibers

Reduction

Gain of an electron by an atom

Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain's weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times?

Glial cells

What organelle is pictured in this micrograph?

Golgi apparatus

Differentiate graded potentials and action potentials.

Graded potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion and action potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude. The magnitude of graded potentials is variable and action potentials are all-or-none.

Foramen

Hole in the bone

Cornu

Horn-shaped process

_____ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and ______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative.

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of an action potential?

Hyperpotential

Identify the cranial nerves that have a nucleus in the brainstem.

Hypoglossal Abducens Glossopharyngeal

Lateral rotation (action)

Infraspinatus

Golgi tendon reflex

Inhibits muscular contraction in order to prevent damage caused by excessive tension

Identify the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.

Internal carotid arteries Vertebral arteries

Name the phase of the cell cycle that runs from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase.

Interphase

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

Perineurium

Layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle

Identify properties of a receptor protein.

It is made up of proteins. It is made up of glycoproteins. It attaches to chemical signals.

List the structures of the visual system.

Lacrimal gland Eye

Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.

Lends support Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Attachment of one tissue to another Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals.

What general changes occur in body joints as a person ages?

Less elasticity Slower tissue repair Less flexibility

Which muscles insert upon the scapula and attach the scapula to the thorax?

Levator scapulae Trapezius Rhomboideus muscles Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior

Oxidation

Loss of an electron by an atom

Eyelids

Lubricates eyeball by spreading tears over surface of eye and protects eye from foreign objects

What do we call living and nonliving material that occupies space and has a mass?

Matter

Identify the members of the neuronal pathway for hearing.

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus Cochlear ganglion Cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata

The cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center are found within the ______ ______ of the brainstem.

Medulla Oblongata

What part of the brainstem that contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center?

Medulla oblongata

What structure has functions that include controlling visual and auditory reflex movements of the head, eyes and body, and maintaining muscle tone?

Midbrain

Which cytoplasmic organelle is depicted in this illustration?

Mitochondrion

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Moves the eyeball

List the three major types of tissue membranes.

Mucous Serous Synovial

Conjunctiva

Mucus membrane protecting inner surface of eyelid and anterior surface of sclera

Identify the accessory skin structures.

Nails Glands Hair

Oscillating circuit

Neurons arranged in a circular fashion that are repeatedly stimulated to produce action potentials

What is the name of the gaps found between segments of myelin along an axon?

Nodes of Ranvier

Which of the following are characteristics used in the naming of individual muscles?

Number of heads Function Bone attachment sites

The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?

Optic Vagus Vestibulocochlear

Which of the body cavities contain serous membranes?

Peritoneal cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity

The superficial posterior leg muscles, such as the gastrocnemius, have what action on the foot?

Plantar flexion

The area of brainstem, just superior to the medulla oblongata, that forms a prominent bulge on the anterior aspect of the brainstem is the

Pons

What determines the class of lever?

Positions of fulcrum, lever, weight and force

Eyebrows

Prevents perspiration from entering the eyes and shades the eyes from sunlight

Cerumenious Glands

Produces wax that prevents foreign object from entering deep into the ear

What are papillae?

Projections on the surface of the tongue

Stretch reflex

Promotes muscular contraction in response to stretching to aid in maintaining posture

Withdrawal reflex

Promotes the removal of a body part from a painful stimulus

Lacrimal Apparatus

Protects and lubricates the eyes through the production of tears

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Provides nutrients to CNS tissues Protects the brain against the shock of rapid head movements

Identify the functions of the integumentary system.

Resistance to infection Sensation of environmental stimuli Thermoregulation

What vital functions are regulated by brainstem nuclei?

Respiration Blood pressure Heart rate

Within the brainstem is a network of nerve fibers and associated islands of gray matter which acts to filter incoming signals and to arouse the cerebral cortex. It is not a distinct structure, but is diffusely arranged within the brainstem. This network of fibers is called the ________ formation.

Reticular

Transmission electron microscope

Reveals detailed aspects of cell and sees through parts of a cell

What term is used to describe reactions that can proceed in either direction?

Reversible

Select the types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.

Rotation Circumduction Pronation

What muscles attach the arm to the thorax?

Rotator cuff muscles Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major

Choose the neuroglial cell types found in the peripheral nervous system.

Satellite cells Schwann cells

Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body.

Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter. The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation.

Facet

Small flattened articular surface of bone

Fovea

Small pit in bone

Condyle

Smooth rounded articular surface of bone

_______ is defined as the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance resulting in a homogeneous solution.

Solubility

What two main categories of motor output project from the brainstem?

Somatic Parasympathetic

Name the structure that serves as the link between the brain and the PNS.

Spinal cord

Which structures of the body are composed of nervous tissue?

Spinal cord Brain

Explain how spinal nerves are named.

Spinal nerves are named for the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge.

Which of the following statements correctly describe spinal reflexes.

Spinal reflexes can be influenced by descending tracts. Spinal reflexes can interact with ascending tracts.

Cochlea

Structure that contains sensory organs that convert sound waves into nerve impulses

Semicircular canals

Structure that contains sensory organs that detect motion

Medial rotation

Subscapularis

Which muscles DO NOT attach the scapula to the thorax?

Subscapularis Pectoralis major

List actions of nerves from the brachial plexus.

Supply muscles acting on the scapula and arm Innervate the skin of the medial arm and forearm

Abduction (action)

Supraspinatus

Name sensory cells that are continuously replaced.

Taste cells Olfactory cells

What is the largest portion of the diencephalon and consists of two clusters of nuclei connected in the midline by an intermediate mass?

Thalamus

Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.

The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material. The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.

What is the cell life cycle?

The changes that occur in the cell from the time it forms until it produces 2 new cells

What is cytoplasm?

The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

What is heredity?

The transmission of genetic traits

Describe characteristics of receptors at the synapses.

They are ligand activated receptors Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors

True or false: Directional terms are always used relative to anatomical position, regardless of the actual person's body position.

True

True or false: The basal nuclei can affect muscle activity by stimulating and inhibiting muscles.

True

True or false: The thalamus constitutes the largest portion of the diencephalon

True

True or false: There is a significant difference in concentration between the intracellular concentration of sodium and the extracellular concentration of sodium.

True

True or false: When ATP is broken down, the energy that is transferred from this reaction can be used to synthesize molecules, perform work or produce heat.

True

Trochanter

Tuberosity on the proximal femur

One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.

Urea Salts Ammonia

Light microscope

Used to visualize general features of a cell

Spine

Very high ridge

Select components of the neuronal pathway for balance.

Vestibulocochlear nerve Vestibular nucleus Thalamus

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain _____.

a relatively stable internal condition

Glands are considered _______ skin structures.

accessory

The cytoskeleton is composed of ______.

actin (intermediate) filaments microtubules

The electrical signals that are propagated along axons, regulating and coordinating body activities, are known as _____.

action potentials

Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are _____ and ______.

activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels

The type of membrane transport that requires energy, such as the ATP-powered protein pumps and a protein channel to move substances across the membrane is called __________ transport.

active

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ____________ ________________.

adenosine triphosphate

As the height or ______ of a sound wave increases, the volume ______.

amplitude, increases

All of the metabolic reactions that build molecules in the body are collectively referred to as ______.

anabolism

Studying the structure of the heart is an example of ______.

anatomy

Programmed cell death is _____.

apoptosis

Regions of the cerebral cortex where recognition, judgment, perception, and emotional connections occur are specifically referred to as ______ areas.

association

The smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of the element is called a(n) _____.

atom

One cell can stick to another by using specialized proteins known as ______ proteins.

attachment

The intracellular fluid has essentially the same number of positive and negative charges and is therefore electrically _________.

balanced

A group of functionally related nuclei within the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain are ______.

basal nuclei

Refraction is the ______.

bending of light

Within a chemical synapse, the receptors _____.

bind to very specific ligands

The connections of the basal nuclei form ______ feedback loops.

both stimulatory and inhibitory

The internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries supply blood to the ______.

brain

The stalk-like lower portion of the brain upon which the cerebrum is perched is the ______.

brainstem

Cardiovascular and respiratory function are regulated by nuclei located in the

brainstem or medulla

The muscles of the thorax are mostly involved in what action?

breathing

An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.

burn

Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of ______.

cartilage

Heat increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Therefore heat is a ______.

catalyst

Identify functions of attachment proteins. They attach ______.

cells to extracellular material one cell to another cell

The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the ______.

central nervous system

The cellular area indicated by the arrow is the ______.

centrosome

Ventricles of the brain contain _____.

cerebrospinal fluid

Earwax is also called _____.

cerumen

The __________ region is marked.

cervical

The muscles of the hyoid, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head and the diaphragm are innervated by the __________ plexus.

cervical

The spinal cord is divided into 4 segments; they are the ____________, ____________, lumbar, and the sacral.

cervical, thoracic

Taste Receptor

chemoreceptor

Cylindrical structures that project off the cell that are capable of movement and contain microtubules are known as ______.

cilia

Movements involving moving around an axis or in an arc would be classified as ______ movements.

circular

The nerve plexus that innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx is the ______.

coccygeal plexus

Normal activities usually involve _____ movements.

combination

Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for ____________ tissues.

connective

The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called __________ tissue.

connective

The major function of the reticular activating system is to maintain ______.

consciousness

Stretch reflexes cause muscles to

contract

The cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles and cytosol is called

cytoplasm

An increase in pH of a solutions indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions ______

decreased

With aging, the number of motor neurons _____, and muscle mass ______.

decreases, decreases

Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called ______ synapses.

electrical

Gap junctions allow direct communication or ionic flow between adjacent cells for a(n) ______ synapse, while synapses that use neurotransmitters to signal from the presynaptic to postsynaptic cell are called _______ synapses.

electrical, chemical

In order to observe very fine structure of a cell, you must use a(n) ______ microscope.

electron

The octet rule says that an atom is likely to combine with another atom if it does not have 8 ______.

electrons in its valence shell

A protein on the cell surface in the small intestine breaks the peptide bonds found in dietary proteins to release amino acids. This membrane protein is an example of a (an) ______.

enzyme

Proteins called _________ are specialized proteins that catalyze reactions inside the cells and on the cell's surface.

enzymes

Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate of reaction by bringing reactants into a position that allows them to react with each other are ______.

enzymes

The number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells are two criteria used to classify _________ tissue.

epithelial

What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?

epithelial

The tissue type that covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body is called ___________ tissue.

epithelium

Glands that release their secretions via ducts onto a body surface are ________ glands, while glands that release their secretions into the blood are ____________ glands.

exocrine, endocrine

Substances found outside the cell plasma membrane in the environment are considered ______.

extracellular

Any joint consisting of two bones joined by dense regular connective tissue without a joint cavity would be classified as a(n) ______ joint.

fibrous

Identify the movements at the hip that would be involved when stepping to the side at a 45 degree angle.

flexion abduction

Increasing stimulus strength results in an increase in the ______ of action potentials.

frequency

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called

ganglia

Some protein channels in a cellular membrane are able to open or close in response to stimuli; because of this characteristic, these channels are called ______ channels.

gated

The tissue layers that gives rise to all the body's mature tissues are called the ________ layers.

germ

The embryonic layers that give rise to all of the body's mature tissues are called ______.

germ layers

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells.

glia

There are several types of support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ___________ cells.

glial

The simplest types of movement at a synovial joint are ______ movements.

gliding

Which matter of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?

gray

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring is called ______.

heredity

Salts are attracted to water. They are ______.

hydrophilic

The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the

hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is the most ______ portion of the ______.

inferior, diencephalon

A normal tissue response to injury that involves redness, swelling, heat, pain, and altered functioning of the affected area is called

inflammation

A point where two bones meet is called a(n)

joint

A sagittal plane divides a body into _____.

left and right portions

Organization, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and responsiveness are recognized as the six characteristics of

life

The changes that a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells is called the cell ______.

life cycle

The group of structures in the brain involved with emotions and memory is the ______.

limbic system

Myelin has a high ______ concentration.

lipid

The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue and _____ tissue

loose connective

Changes in the cells, extracellular materials and tissues in older adults cause a ______.

loss of elasticity loss of flexibility

Body (bone)

main part of bone

Cells normally have ______ microvilli.

many

A plasma membrane protein is involved in helping to identify its cell to other cells. This protein is acting as a(n) ______.

marker protein

Touch Receptor

mechanoreceptor

The three layers of membrane that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord are called the

meninges

The form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells is known as ______.

mitosis

When two or more atoms are chemically bonded to one another, the resulting structure is called a(n) ______.

molecule

The amount of mobility at a given joint is its range of

motion

The ______ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication, and reflexes.

motor

The retina forms the ________ tunic.

nervous

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a(n)

neuron

The structural unit of the nervous system that consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon is the ______.

neuron

The general types of cells that make up the nervous system are _________ and _________ cells.

neurons, glial

Pain Receptor

nociceptor

Using a light microscope, the largest, most noticeable organelle visible in most cells is the

nucleus

The sense of smell is

olfaction

The ______ nerve and the spinal ______ nerve do not project to or have a nucleus in the brainstem.

olfactory, accessory

One ascending pathway can carry ______ information.

one specific type of

The optic chiasm forms as a result of crossing of the ______.

optic nerves

The optic nerves cross, forming the ____________ ___________.

optic, chiasm

Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the _____ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem.

optic, trigeminal

Chemistry dealing with substances that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds is referred to as ______ chemistry.

organic

Name the fixed end or most stationary, proximal end of the muscle.

origin

The number of particles in a solution is expressed in ______.

osmoles

A cell that produces bone is a(n)

osteoblast

In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require _____.

oxygen

Water consists of one __________ atom covalently bonded to two ___________ atoms.

oxygen, hydrogen

Sight Receptor

photoreceptor

The sense of vision is possible because of the response of ______, while the sense of hearing is due to the response of ______.

photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

Myelin has a high lipid content because it is formed of ______.

plasma membranes

Identify the components of the brainstem.

pons midbrain medulla oblongata

Blood pressure decreases below normal levels. Blood flow to the heart decreases. Heart is unable to pump as much blood. Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback.

positive

The muscles responsible for extending the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the ______ of the forearm.

posterior

The precentral gyrus controls many voluntary movements and is referred to as the _____.

primary motor cortex

The barrel-like protein complexes found within the cytoplasm that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell are referred to as ______.

proteasomes

Amino acids are the subunits of larger molecules called

proteins

Cells communicate via chemical signals which bind to specialized molecules on the plasma membrane surface. These molecules are called _____.

receptor proteins

A period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus is called a(n) ______ period.

refractory

In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.

regeneration

The nervous tunic of the eye is composed primarily of the ______.

retina

Golgi tendon reflexes cause muscles to _____.

relax

The ______ modulates cyclical functions, including the sleep-wake cycle.

reticular activating system

Negative feedback is a mechanism that ______.

reverses the change and maintains homeostasis

Carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in some situations. In other situations, bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions combine to form carbonic acid. This describes a type of ______ reaction.

reversible

Organelles that synthesize proteins are ______.

ribosomes

Under low light conditions the photoreceptors cells which are responsible for vision are the

rods

The organelle marked with a pointer is the ______ endoplasmic reticulum. (The organelle does have ribosomes on its surface.)

rough

Major glands of the skin.

sebaceous and sweat glands

The two major glands of the skin are the __________ glands and the __________ glands.

sebaceous, sweat

A membrane that only allows some substances to pass through it but restricts other substances is known as a(n) _________ permeable membrane.

semi

The process of generating action potentials in response to a stimulus is ___________ and the conscious awareness of the stimuli is referred to as __________

sensation;perception

A synovial joint may be described as a joint ______.

separated by a narrow, fluid-filled space allowing for significant mobility

Wrist bones that are round or nearly cube-shaped are classified as ______ bones.

short

When a substance is dissolved in fluid, the substance is referred to as the _______, the fluid it dissolves into is the _______, and the entire mixture is called the _______.

solute; solvent; solution

Functionally, the two main categories of motor output projecting from the brainstem are __________ and ___________.

somatic, parasympathetic

Anatomical position refers to a body that is ______.

standing erect palms forward

The utricle and the saccule form the ______ labyrinth. It evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration.

static

Evaluation of the position of the head relative to gravity and detection of linear acceleration and deceleration is the function of the ______ labyrinth while evaluation of movements of the head is the function of the ______ labyrinth.

static, dynamic

The functions of vitamin D include ______.

stimulating the uptake of calcium from the intestines. promoting uptake of phosphate from intestines

Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______.

stratified epithelial tissue secretions of sebaceous glands presence of components of the immune system

The small nucleus located immediately beneath the thalamus, contains both ascending and descending tracts and is involved with the basal nuclei in regulating motor function is the ______.

subthalamus

Metabolism may be defined as ______.

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Where are olfactory neurons located?

superior nasal cavity

A joint in which bones are separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space is a(n) __________ joint.

synovial

What major category of tissue membrane is composed only of connective tissue?

synovial

Substances dissolved in saliva that cause the depolarization of taste cells are called

tastants

The olfactory pathway terminates in the olfactory cortex of the ______ lobe.

temporal

Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for areas ______.

that allow diffusion of substances across the epithelium

An organelle containing flattened sacs and vesicles is _____.

the Golgi complex

DNA is described as an antiparallel molecule. This means that the two strands of nucleotides have sugar-phosphate backbones that extend in ______.

the opposite directions

The factors that affect visual acuity are ______.

the shape of the eyeball and flexibility of the lens

The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel, meaning that ______.

their sugar phosphate backbones extend in opposite directions

The intracellular fluid is considered to be electrically neutral because ______.

there are the same number of positively and negatively charged ions

Temperature Receptor

thermoreceptor

The femur is the only bone of the _____.

thigh

Conversion of a nucleotide sequences in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids is known as ______.

translation

The process that is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA is known as

translation

Integral proteins that allow the movement of ions or molecules across the plasma membrane are called ______ proteins.

transport

Ions or molecules are carried from one side of the plasma membrane to the other by integral proteins called ___________ proteins.

transport, carrier or channel

Within a neuron, summation of all incoming signals occurs at the ______.

trigger zone

The cavities in the brain that store cerebrospinal fluid are the ______.

ventricles

The lacrimal glands, palpebral fissure and conjunctiva are all structures of the _____ system.

visual

The eye's ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is ______.

visual acuity

Picking up a pencil is an example of a(n) ______ movement.

voluntary

The head of the ulna articulates with the radius and ______.

wrist bones