Anatomy & Physiology FINAL
True or false: A selectively permeable membrane is able to allow all substances to pass only some of the time.
False
True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.
False
True or false: During the absolute refractory period a neuron will be re-stimulated if it reaches threshold.
False
True or false: Each ascending tract carries various types of information from several different types of sensory receptors.
False
True or false: Exocrine glands release their secretions into the blood, while endocrine release their secretions via ducts to a surface.
False
True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.
False
True or false: Most cells in the body have the same DNA and express their genes in the same way.
False
True or false: Small folds in the plasma membrane that are supported by microtubules are referred to as microvilli.
False
True or false: Spinal nerves are named for the region of the body that they innervate.
False
True or false: Summation of all incoming signals occurs at the axon terminus of a neuron.
False
True or false: The cytoskeleton contains calcium salts.
False
True or false: The only function of the abdominal muscles is to flex and rotate the vertebral column.
False
Identify all of the bases for neuron classification.
Function Structure
What are the functions of the midbrain?
Aids in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities Reflex movements of the head, eyes and body towards visual, auditory or tactile stimuli. Involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements
Labyrinth
Cavity in a bone
Neck
Constriction between head and body of bone
Identify locations of serous membranes.
Covering organs within trunk cavities. Lining the trunk cavities.
On the picture of the nail, the arrow is pointing to what part of the nail?
Cuticle
Fossa
Depression in bone
True or False: Sensation is the conscious awareness of a stimulus such as pain.
False
True or False: The 4 basic divisions of the brain are the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata.
False
True or False: The portion of the diencephalon, immediately inferior to the thalamus which contains ascending and descending tracts and the subthalamic nuclei is the hypothalamus.
False
Association areas may best be defined as ______.
cortical areas adjacent to the primary sensory areas that are important in the process of recognition
Mitochondria are in the space between the cell membrane and nucleus; therefore, they are in the ______.
cytoplasm
The head of the ulna is on its ______ end.
distal
The _____ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head.
dynamic
A movement that raises a body part superiorly is called ______.
elevation
The pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus
Convergent, parallel, pennate, and fusiform are terms used to describe ______.
fasciculi arrangement and muscle shape
The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.
integumentary
All unmodified proteins begin with the amino acid ______; its codon is also the start codon.
methionine
The start codon found in every mRNA codes for the amino acid ______.
methionine
Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______.
microvilli
Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the ______ nervous system.
peripheral
Organs like the liver and kidney cells contain cells that are active in detoxification. These cells contain a large number of _____ (name the organelle).
peroxisomes
What is the function of an osteoblast?
produces bone
The tibial and common fibular nerve combine to form the ______ nerve.
sciatic
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ______.
temporal lobe
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n) ______.
tissue
Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n)
tissues
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______.
touch pain changes in pressure variations in temperature
The matter of the spinal cord that consists of myelinated axons is the _________ matter.
white
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
Identify the structures that are part of the epithalamus.
Habenula Pineal gland
What are internal components of a cell that carry out metabolic functions?
Organelles
Which are characteristics used in the naming of muscles?
Origin and insertion Region of the body Size and shape
Which specific area of the cerebrum is indicated by the arrow in the diagram?
Primary somatic sensory cortex
Cochlear nerve
Transmits auditory information
Vestibular nerve
Transmits sensory information in regards to balance
External auditory canal
Transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Auditory Ossicles
Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Tympanic Membrane
Transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles
Olfactory neurons are located in the olfactory epithelium of the superior region of the nasal cavity.
True
True or False: In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds are formed or broken.
True
True or False: The adductors of the thigh are found in the medial compartment of the thigh.
True
True or False: The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body.
True
True or False: The perineum is inferior to the pelvic diaphragm.
True
True or False: The sense of taste is transmitted by three cranial nerves.
True
_________ movements are initiated with conscious involvement.
Voluntary
The four major types of organic molecules are ___________, ___________, proteins, and nucleic acids.
carbohydrates, lipids
The positions of the levers, fulcrums, weights and forces determine the ________ of the lever.
class
The viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called
mucus
Of the four classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ___________ tissue.
muscular
Body temperature increases. Increase in the production of sweat. Body temperature decreases. This is an example of _____ feedback.
negative
When the resting membrane potential becomes more _____ the condition is referred to as hyperpolarization.
negative
List of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, so that the least complex level is first and the most complex is last.
1. Atom 2. Cell 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism
Identify the neuronal pathway for hearing from the cochlear nerve and ending with the cerebral cortex.
1. Cochlear ganglion 2. Cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata 3. Inferior colliculus 4. Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 5. Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom.
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
List the layers of connective tissue surrounding nervous tissue starting with the most superficial layer and ending with innermost layer surrounding an individual Schwann cell sheath.
1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium
The PNS consists of _______ pair(s) of cranial nerves and ________ pair of spinal nerves(s).
12, 31
The typical number of bones in the adult skeleton is __________ (use a numerical value).
206
Carbohydrates have a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen close to _____.
2:1
The octet rule says atoms will tend to combine with other atoms until each has _____ electrons in its valence shell.
8
The primary motor cortex is designated by which letter in this figure?
A
Electrical synapse
A gap junction that allows an ionic current to flow between adjacent cells
Epineurium
A layer of dense connective tissue surrounding a nerve
If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine
Divergent pathway
A pathway where a small number of neurons synapse with a larger number of neurons
Convergent pathway
A pathway where several neurons synapse with a smaller number of neurons
What is a secretory vesicle?
A small vesicle that moves substances through the cell to the cell surface
Chemical synapse
A synapse where one cell releases a neurotransmitter to communicate with another cell
What is the name of the universal energy-transfer molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?
Adenosine triphosphate
Identify the function of a marker protein.
Allows for cellular identification
What is a lysosome?
An organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes and functions in intracellular digestion
Which muscles are extensors of the elbow?
Anconeus Triceps brachii
What are rods?
Bipolar photoreceptors that play a role in non-color vision under low light conditions
Which is a type of fluid connective tissue?
Blood
What do taste cells and olfactory cells have in common?
Both are sensory cells. Both are replaced continuously.
Name the plexus which supplies innervation to the muscles acting on the scapula and innervates the skin of the medial arm and forearm.
Brachial plexus
Ramus
Branch off the body beyond the angle
Which are characteristics of reflexes?
Can be influenced by higher brain centers Are homeostatic Automatic responses Integrated within the CNS
The part of the brain that is important in maintaining posture and equilibrium and is attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons is the
Cerebellum
What part of the brain integrates information about the position of the body's parts and sends out signals that coordinate skeletal muscle movements?
Cerebellum
Identify the structures that receive axons from the vestibular nucleus of medulla.
Cerebellum Thalamus Extrinsic eye muscles
What is the largest portion of the brain and is approximately 1200g in females and 1400g in males?
Cerebrum
Identify the structures within the external auditory canal that prevents foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane.
Cerumen Hair
The types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.
Circumduction Rotation Pronation
Auricle
Collects sound waves and directs them towards the external auditory canal
Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from ______.
DNA to mRNA
Which hypothesis of cell death says that some genes turn on late in life that lead to the cell death?
Death genes
Which is a role of the anterior abdominal wall muscles?
Decrease volume of abdominal cavity Protection Rotation of vertebral column Flexion of vertebral column Aids urinary and digestive system
Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging.
Decreases sensitivity to gravity Ability to identify specific odors decreases
Sulcus
Deep narrow depression
Endoneurium
Delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding a single axon and its Schwann cell sheath
Which shoulder muscles can cause more than one type of movement of the arm?
Deltoid Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi
Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus.
Diaphragm Posterior portion of the head Skin of the neck Muscles of the hyoid
What area of the brain is between the brainstem and cerebrum?
Diencephalon
Identify the four basic divisions of the brain.
Diencephalon Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum
Where in the brain are basal nuclei located?
Diencephalon Cerebrum Midbrain
Margin
Edge of a bone
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Scanning electron microscope
Enables the study of the fine surface structures of a cell
Head (bone)
Enlarged rounded end
What class of tissue is capable of secretion and absorption of substances?
Epithelial tissue
Auditory Tube
Equilibrates pressure between the outside air and the middle ear
The types of angular movements.
Extension Abduction Flexion
Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye.
Eyelid Lacrimal apparatus Conjunctiva Eyebrows
Identify the nerves that transmit taste sensations.
Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
True or False: As the height or amplitude of a sound wave increases, the loudness of the sound decreases.
False
True or false: When a substance is attracted to a watery environment because of its electrical properties, it is often referred to as being hydrophobic.
False
As one ages, what changes occur in the motor structures and functions of the nervous system?
Fatigue and difficulty with motor activities Loss of motor neurons Decline in muscle mass of motor units
Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.
Fluid Ground substance Protein fibers
Reduction
Gain of an electron by an atom
Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain's weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times?
Glial cells
What organelle is pictured in this micrograph?
Golgi apparatus
Differentiate graded potentials and action potentials.
Graded potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion and action potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude. The magnitude of graded potentials is variable and action potentials are all-or-none.
Foramen
Hole in the bone
Cornu
Horn-shaped process
_____ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and ______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative.
Hyperpolarization, depolarization
Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of an action potential?
Hyperpotential
Identify the cranial nerves that have a nucleus in the brainstem.
Hypoglossal Abducens Glossopharyngeal
Lateral rotation (action)
Infraspinatus
Golgi tendon reflex
Inhibits muscular contraction in order to prevent damage caused by excessive tension
Identify the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.
Internal carotid arteries Vertebral arteries
Name the phase of the cell cycle that runs from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase.
Interphase
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Perineurium
Layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle
Identify properties of a receptor protein.
It is made up of proteins. It is made up of glycoproteins. It attaches to chemical signals.
List the structures of the visual system.
Lacrimal gland Eye
Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.
Lends support Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Attachment of one tissue to another Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals.
What general changes occur in body joints as a person ages?
Less elasticity Slower tissue repair Less flexibility
Which muscles insert upon the scapula and attach the scapula to the thorax?
Levator scapulae Trapezius Rhomboideus muscles Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior
Oxidation
Loss of an electron by an atom
Eyelids
Lubricates eyeball by spreading tears over surface of eye and protects eye from foreign objects
What do we call living and nonliving material that occupies space and has a mass?
Matter
Identify the members of the neuronal pathway for hearing.
Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus Cochlear ganglion Cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata
The cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center are found within the ______ ______ of the brainstem.
Medulla Oblongata
What part of the brainstem that contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center?
Medulla oblongata
What structure has functions that include controlling visual and auditory reflex movements of the head, eyes and body, and maintaining muscle tone?
Midbrain
Which cytoplasmic organelle is depicted in this illustration?
Mitochondrion
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Moves the eyeball
List the three major types of tissue membranes.
Mucous Serous Synovial
Conjunctiva
Mucus membrane protecting inner surface of eyelid and anterior surface of sclera
Identify the accessory skin structures.
Nails Glands Hair
Oscillating circuit
Neurons arranged in a circular fashion that are repeatedly stimulated to produce action potentials
What is the name of the gaps found between segments of myelin along an axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
Which of the following are characteristics used in the naming of individual muscles?
Number of heads Function Bone attachment sites
The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?
Optic Vagus Vestibulocochlear
Which of the body cavities contain serous membranes?
Peritoneal cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity
The superficial posterior leg muscles, such as the gastrocnemius, have what action on the foot?
Plantar flexion
The area of brainstem, just superior to the medulla oblongata, that forms a prominent bulge on the anterior aspect of the brainstem is the
Pons
What determines the class of lever?
Positions of fulcrum, lever, weight and force
Eyebrows
Prevents perspiration from entering the eyes and shades the eyes from sunlight
Cerumenious Glands
Produces wax that prevents foreign object from entering deep into the ear
What are papillae?
Projections on the surface of the tongue
Stretch reflex
Promotes muscular contraction in response to stretching to aid in maintaining posture
Withdrawal reflex
Promotes the removal of a body part from a painful stimulus
Lacrimal Apparatus
Protects and lubricates the eyes through the production of tears
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides nutrients to CNS tissues Protects the brain against the shock of rapid head movements
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
Resistance to infection Sensation of environmental stimuli Thermoregulation
What vital functions are regulated by brainstem nuclei?
Respiration Blood pressure Heart rate
Within the brainstem is a network of nerve fibers and associated islands of gray matter which acts to filter incoming signals and to arouse the cerebral cortex. It is not a distinct structure, but is diffusely arranged within the brainstem. This network of fibers is called the ________ formation.
Reticular
Transmission electron microscope
Reveals detailed aspects of cell and sees through parts of a cell
What term is used to describe reactions that can proceed in either direction?
Reversible
Select the types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.
Rotation Circumduction Pronation
What muscles attach the arm to the thorax?
Rotator cuff muscles Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major
Choose the neuroglial cell types found in the peripheral nervous system.
Satellite cells Schwann cells
Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body.
Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter. The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation.
Facet
Small flattened articular surface of bone
Fovea
Small pit in bone
Condyle
Smooth rounded articular surface of bone
_______ is defined as the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance resulting in a homogeneous solution.
Solubility
What two main categories of motor output project from the brainstem?
Somatic Parasympathetic
Name the structure that serves as the link between the brain and the PNS.
Spinal cord
Which structures of the body are composed of nervous tissue?
Spinal cord Brain
Explain how spinal nerves are named.
Spinal nerves are named for the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge.
Which of the following statements correctly describe spinal reflexes.
Spinal reflexes can be influenced by descending tracts. Spinal reflexes can interact with ascending tracts.
Cochlea
Structure that contains sensory organs that convert sound waves into nerve impulses
Semicircular canals
Structure that contains sensory organs that detect motion
Medial rotation
Subscapularis
Which muscles DO NOT attach the scapula to the thorax?
Subscapularis Pectoralis major
List actions of nerves from the brachial plexus.
Supply muscles acting on the scapula and arm Innervate the skin of the medial arm and forearm
Abduction (action)
Supraspinatus
Name sensory cells that are continuously replaced.
Taste cells Olfactory cells
What is the largest portion of the diencephalon and consists of two clusters of nuclei connected in the midline by an intermediate mass?
Thalamus
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.
The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material. The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.
What is the cell life cycle?
The changes that occur in the cell from the time it forms until it produces 2 new cells
What is cytoplasm?
The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
What is heredity?
The transmission of genetic traits
Describe characteristics of receptors at the synapses.
They are ligand activated receptors Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors
True or false: Directional terms are always used relative to anatomical position, regardless of the actual person's body position.
True
True or false: The basal nuclei can affect muscle activity by stimulating and inhibiting muscles.
True
True or false: The thalamus constitutes the largest portion of the diencephalon
True
True or false: There is a significant difference in concentration between the intracellular concentration of sodium and the extracellular concentration of sodium.
True
True or false: When ATP is broken down, the energy that is transferred from this reaction can be used to synthesize molecules, perform work or produce heat.
True
Trochanter
Tuberosity on the proximal femur
One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.
Urea Salts Ammonia
Light microscope
Used to visualize general features of a cell
Spine
Very high ridge
Select components of the neuronal pathway for balance.
Vestibulocochlear nerve Vestibular nucleus Thalamus
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain _____.
a relatively stable internal condition
Glands are considered _______ skin structures.
accessory
The cytoskeleton is composed of ______.
actin (intermediate) filaments microtubules
The electrical signals that are propagated along axons, regulating and coordinating body activities, are known as _____.
action potentials
Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are _____ and ______.
activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels
The type of membrane transport that requires energy, such as the ATP-powered protein pumps and a protein channel to move substances across the membrane is called __________ transport.
active
The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ____________ ________________.
adenosine triphosphate
As the height or ______ of a sound wave increases, the volume ______.
amplitude, increases
All of the metabolic reactions that build molecules in the body are collectively referred to as ______.
anabolism
Studying the structure of the heart is an example of ______.
anatomy
Programmed cell death is _____.
apoptosis
Regions of the cerebral cortex where recognition, judgment, perception, and emotional connections occur are specifically referred to as ______ areas.
association
The smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of the element is called a(n) _____.
atom
One cell can stick to another by using specialized proteins known as ______ proteins.
attachment
The intracellular fluid has essentially the same number of positive and negative charges and is therefore electrically _________.
balanced
A group of functionally related nuclei within the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain are ______.
basal nuclei
Refraction is the ______.
bending of light
Within a chemical synapse, the receptors _____.
bind to very specific ligands
The connections of the basal nuclei form ______ feedback loops.
both stimulatory and inhibitory
The internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries supply blood to the ______.
brain
The stalk-like lower portion of the brain upon which the cerebrum is perched is the ______.
brainstem
Cardiovascular and respiratory function are regulated by nuclei located in the
brainstem or medulla
The muscles of the thorax are mostly involved in what action?
breathing
An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.
burn
Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of ______.
cartilage
Heat increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Therefore heat is a ______.
catalyst
Identify functions of attachment proteins. They attach ______.
cells to extracellular material one cell to another cell
The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the ______.
central nervous system
The cellular area indicated by the arrow is the ______.
centrosome
Ventricles of the brain contain _____.
cerebrospinal fluid
Earwax is also called _____.
cerumen
The __________ region is marked.
cervical
The muscles of the hyoid, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head and the diaphragm are innervated by the __________ plexus.
cervical
The spinal cord is divided into 4 segments; they are the ____________, ____________, lumbar, and the sacral.
cervical, thoracic
Taste Receptor
chemoreceptor
Cylindrical structures that project off the cell that are capable of movement and contain microtubules are known as ______.
cilia
Movements involving moving around an axis or in an arc would be classified as ______ movements.
circular
The nerve plexus that innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx is the ______.
coccygeal plexus
Normal activities usually involve _____ movements.
combination
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for ____________ tissues.
connective
The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called __________ tissue.
connective
The major function of the reticular activating system is to maintain ______.
consciousness
Stretch reflexes cause muscles to
contract
The cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles and cytosol is called
cytoplasm
An increase in pH of a solutions indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions ______
decreased
With aging, the number of motor neurons _____, and muscle mass ______.
decreases, decreases
Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called ______ synapses.
electrical
Gap junctions allow direct communication or ionic flow between adjacent cells for a(n) ______ synapse, while synapses that use neurotransmitters to signal from the presynaptic to postsynaptic cell are called _______ synapses.
electrical, chemical
In order to observe very fine structure of a cell, you must use a(n) ______ microscope.
electron
The octet rule says that an atom is likely to combine with another atom if it does not have 8 ______.
electrons in its valence shell
A protein on the cell surface in the small intestine breaks the peptide bonds found in dietary proteins to release amino acids. This membrane protein is an example of a (an) ______.
enzyme
Proteins called _________ are specialized proteins that catalyze reactions inside the cells and on the cell's surface.
enzymes
Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate of reaction by bringing reactants into a position that allows them to react with each other are ______.
enzymes
The number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells are two criteria used to classify _________ tissue.
epithelial
What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
epithelial
The tissue type that covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body is called ___________ tissue.
epithelium
Glands that release their secretions via ducts onto a body surface are ________ glands, while glands that release their secretions into the blood are ____________ glands.
exocrine, endocrine
Substances found outside the cell plasma membrane in the environment are considered ______.
extracellular
Any joint consisting of two bones joined by dense regular connective tissue without a joint cavity would be classified as a(n) ______ joint.
fibrous
Identify the movements at the hip that would be involved when stepping to the side at a 45 degree angle.
flexion abduction
Increasing stimulus strength results in an increase in the ______ of action potentials.
frequency
Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called
ganglia
Some protein channels in a cellular membrane are able to open or close in response to stimuli; because of this characteristic, these channels are called ______ channels.
gated
The tissue layers that gives rise to all the body's mature tissues are called the ________ layers.
germ
The embryonic layers that give rise to all of the body's mature tissues are called ______.
germ layers
Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells.
glia
There are several types of support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ___________ cells.
glial
The simplest types of movement at a synovial joint are ______ movements.
gliding
Which matter of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?
gray
The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring is called ______.
heredity
Salts are attracted to water. They are ______.
hydrophilic
The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the most ______ portion of the ______.
inferior, diencephalon
A normal tissue response to injury that involves redness, swelling, heat, pain, and altered functioning of the affected area is called
inflammation
A point where two bones meet is called a(n)
joint
A sagittal plane divides a body into _____.
left and right portions
Organization, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and responsiveness are recognized as the six characteristics of
life
The changes that a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells is called the cell ______.
life cycle
The group of structures in the brain involved with emotions and memory is the ______.
limbic system
Myelin has a high ______ concentration.
lipid
The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue and _____ tissue
loose connective
Changes in the cells, extracellular materials and tissues in older adults cause a ______.
loss of elasticity loss of flexibility
Body (bone)
main part of bone
Cells normally have ______ microvilli.
many
A plasma membrane protein is involved in helping to identify its cell to other cells. This protein is acting as a(n) ______.
marker protein
Touch Receptor
mechanoreceptor
The three layers of membrane that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord are called the
meninges
The form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells is known as ______.
mitosis
When two or more atoms are chemically bonded to one another, the resulting structure is called a(n) ______.
molecule
The amount of mobility at a given joint is its range of
motion
The ______ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication, and reflexes.
motor
The retina forms the ________ tunic.
nervous
A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a(n)
neuron
The structural unit of the nervous system that consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon is the ______.
neuron
The general types of cells that make up the nervous system are _________ and _________ cells.
neurons, glial
Pain Receptor
nociceptor
Using a light microscope, the largest, most noticeable organelle visible in most cells is the
nucleus
The sense of smell is
olfaction
The ______ nerve and the spinal ______ nerve do not project to or have a nucleus in the brainstem.
olfactory, accessory
One ascending pathway can carry ______ information.
one specific type of
The optic chiasm forms as a result of crossing of the ______.
optic nerves
The optic nerves cross, forming the ____________ ___________.
optic, chiasm
Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the _____ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem.
optic, trigeminal
Chemistry dealing with substances that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds is referred to as ______ chemistry.
organic
Name the fixed end or most stationary, proximal end of the muscle.
origin
The number of particles in a solution is expressed in ______.
osmoles
A cell that produces bone is a(n)
osteoblast
In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require _____.
oxygen
Water consists of one __________ atom covalently bonded to two ___________ atoms.
oxygen, hydrogen
Sight Receptor
photoreceptor
The sense of vision is possible because of the response of ______, while the sense of hearing is due to the response of ______.
photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
Myelin has a high lipid content because it is formed of ______.
plasma membranes
Identify the components of the brainstem.
pons midbrain medulla oblongata
Blood pressure decreases below normal levels. Blood flow to the heart decreases. Heart is unable to pump as much blood. Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback.
positive
The muscles responsible for extending the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the ______ of the forearm.
posterior
The precentral gyrus controls many voluntary movements and is referred to as the _____.
primary motor cortex
The barrel-like protein complexes found within the cytoplasm that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell are referred to as ______.
proteasomes
Amino acids are the subunits of larger molecules called
proteins
Cells communicate via chemical signals which bind to specialized molecules on the plasma membrane surface. These molecules are called _____.
receptor proteins
A period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus is called a(n) ______ period.
refractory
In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
regeneration
The nervous tunic of the eye is composed primarily of the ______.
retina
Golgi tendon reflexes cause muscles to _____.
relax
The ______ modulates cyclical functions, including the sleep-wake cycle.
reticular activating system
Negative feedback is a mechanism that ______.
reverses the change and maintains homeostasis
Carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in some situations. In other situations, bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions combine to form carbonic acid. This describes a type of ______ reaction.
reversible
Organelles that synthesize proteins are ______.
ribosomes
Under low light conditions the photoreceptors cells which are responsible for vision are the
rods
The organelle marked with a pointer is the ______ endoplasmic reticulum. (The organelle does have ribosomes on its surface.)
rough
Major glands of the skin.
sebaceous and sweat glands
The two major glands of the skin are the __________ glands and the __________ glands.
sebaceous, sweat
A membrane that only allows some substances to pass through it but restricts other substances is known as a(n) _________ permeable membrane.
semi
The process of generating action potentials in response to a stimulus is ___________ and the conscious awareness of the stimuli is referred to as __________
sensation;perception
A synovial joint may be described as a joint ______.
separated by a narrow, fluid-filled space allowing for significant mobility
Wrist bones that are round or nearly cube-shaped are classified as ______ bones.
short
When a substance is dissolved in fluid, the substance is referred to as the _______, the fluid it dissolves into is the _______, and the entire mixture is called the _______.
solute; solvent; solution
Functionally, the two main categories of motor output projecting from the brainstem are __________ and ___________.
somatic, parasympathetic
Anatomical position refers to a body that is ______.
standing erect palms forward
The utricle and the saccule form the ______ labyrinth. It evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration.
static
Evaluation of the position of the head relative to gravity and detection of linear acceleration and deceleration is the function of the ______ labyrinth while evaluation of movements of the head is the function of the ______ labyrinth.
static, dynamic
The functions of vitamin D include ______.
stimulating the uptake of calcium from the intestines. promoting uptake of phosphate from intestines
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______.
stratified epithelial tissue secretions of sebaceous glands presence of components of the immune system
The small nucleus located immediately beneath the thalamus, contains both ascending and descending tracts and is involved with the basal nuclei in regulating motor function is the ______.
subthalamus
Metabolism may be defined as ______.
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Where are olfactory neurons located?
superior nasal cavity
A joint in which bones are separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space is a(n) __________ joint.
synovial
What major category of tissue membrane is composed only of connective tissue?
synovial
Substances dissolved in saliva that cause the depolarization of taste cells are called
tastants
The olfactory pathway terminates in the olfactory cortex of the ______ lobe.
temporal
Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for areas ______.
that allow diffusion of substances across the epithelium
An organelle containing flattened sacs and vesicles is _____.
the Golgi complex
DNA is described as an antiparallel molecule. This means that the two strands of nucleotides have sugar-phosphate backbones that extend in ______.
the opposite directions
The factors that affect visual acuity are ______.
the shape of the eyeball and flexibility of the lens
The two nucleotide strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel, meaning that ______.
their sugar phosphate backbones extend in opposite directions
The intracellular fluid is considered to be electrically neutral because ______.
there are the same number of positively and negatively charged ions
Temperature Receptor
thermoreceptor
The femur is the only bone of the _____.
thigh
Conversion of a nucleotide sequences in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids is known as ______.
translation
The process that is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA is known as
translation
Integral proteins that allow the movement of ions or molecules across the plasma membrane are called ______ proteins.
transport
Ions or molecules are carried from one side of the plasma membrane to the other by integral proteins called ___________ proteins.
transport, carrier or channel
Within a neuron, summation of all incoming signals occurs at the ______.
trigger zone
The cavities in the brain that store cerebrospinal fluid are the ______.
ventricles
The lacrimal glands, palpebral fissure and conjunctiva are all structures of the _____ system.
visual
The eye's ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is ______.
visual acuity
Picking up a pencil is an example of a(n) ______ movement.
voluntary
The head of the ulna articulates with the radius and ______.
wrist bones