Anatomy and Physiology I
these muscles coordinate to make movements.
1. AGONIST: contracts to cause an action 2.ANTAGONIST: contracts to do the opposite action of the agonist 3.SYNERGIST: aids movement of agonist, helps stabilize joint 4.COMPARTMENT: group of muscles, nerves, blood vessels
what are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
1. AXIAL SKELETON: skull, hyoid bone, ear bones,vertebral column, thorax 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON: shoulder, arm, hip, and leg
what are the parts of the synapse?
1. AXON TERMINAL BUTTON- are located at the end of the neuron and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons. At the end of the terminal button is a gap known as asynapse. Neurotransmitters are used to carry the signal across the synapse to other neurons 2.SYNAPTIC GAP- The minute space between the cell membrane of an axon terminal and that of the target cell with which it synapses 3. DENDRITE- A mineral crystallizing in another mineral in the form of a branching or treelike mark.A branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body. A single nerve may possess many dendrites. Also called dendron
what are the four types of bone fractures?
1. CLOSED FRACTURE: broken bone, but skin is still intact. 2.OPEN FRACTURE: both bone and skin are damaged. 3. COMMINUTED: bone has splintered. 4.GREENSTICK:partial fracture, common in children whose bones are not completely ossified.
what are the different shapes of the bone?
1. LONG BONES: longer than wide; arms and legs 2. SHORT BONES: cube shaped, equal in length and width; ankles and wrist 3. FLAT BONES: are thin; skull, breastbone,and ribs 4. IRREGULAR BONES: complex shapes; hip and vertebrae bones 5. SESAMOID BONES: sesame-seed shaped; knee caps
what is the muscle action potential?
1. RELEASE OF ACh: a change in voltage (charge) in the neuron causes exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles, releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft. 2. ACTIVATION OF ACh RECEPTORS: when two ACh molecules bind to an ACh receptor/channel protein, it opens to aloow ions (NA2+) into muscle cell 3. PRODUCTION OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL: as NA2+ flows into the cell (along its electrical gradient) the charge changes in the muscle, causing CA2+ to be released from the SR. 4. TERMINATION OF ACh ACTIVITY: almost instantly after binding ACh is broken down by an enzyme called acetylcholineesterase (AChE) **steps two and three repeats as neuron sends more signals
what are the three structural classifications of joints?
1.FIBROUS: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue 2.CARTILAGINOUS: bones held together by cartilage 3.SYNOVIAL: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue and ligaments
what are the parts of the muscle cell?
1.SARCOLEMMA:plasma membrane of cell 2.TRANSVERSE (T) TUBULES: tunnels from sarcolemma allows signals to spread 3.SARCOPLASM: cytoplasm of muscle cell 4.MYOGLOBIN: red proteins, makes atp, holds O2 5.SARCROPLASTIC RETICULEM: sacs throughout cell CA2+ 6.MYOFIBRIL: fibers allow cell to contract actin and myosin 7.SARCOMERE: compartments of overlapping actin and myosin
what are the three ways to make ATP?
1.SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION- where a high energy phosphate on the (food source) molecule gets transferred directly onto ADP converting it to ATP. 2.OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION- where a (food source) molecule is oxidized and the energy is extracted from the electrons by an electron transport chain. The extracted energy is then used to make ATP by a process known as chemiosmosis. 3.PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION- where light energy is used to generate electrons and then the energy is extracted from the electrons by an electron transport chain. As in oxidative phosphorylation, the extracted energy is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis.
what are the three functional classifications of joints?
1.SYNARTHROSIS: immovable 2.AMPHIARTHROSIS: slightly movable 3.DIARTHROSIS: freely movable, in synovial joints.
what are the specific joints of the human body?
1.TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT: hinge joint between mandible and temperal bone 2.GLENHUMERAL JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula 3.ELBOW JOINT: hinge joint formed from humerus, ulna, and radius 4.HIP JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by femur and acetabulna 5.TIBIAFEMORAL: hinge joint formed by femur, tibia, and patella
what is the contraction cycle?
ATP energizes the myosin heads, myosin heads then attach to actin, connection is called cross-bridge the myosin heads rotates pulling actin toward sarcomere. ATP binds to myosin and the two filaments detach. CA2+ and ATP are present.
what is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
COMPACT BONE: strongest form of bone tissue. concentrated in diaphysis. provides protection, support, resists stress of movement SPONGY BONE: concentrated in the epiphysis or center of bones, covered by compact bone. make bone lightweight and holds the bone marrow
what is the disorder known as a cramp?
CRAMP: a painful contraction caused by lack of blood flow, overuse, dehydration, etc.
what is the disorder known as a fibrillation?
FIBRILLATION: spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber taht is not visible but can be detected by electromyography. can be a sign of motor neuron destruction.
what is the difference between Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that reseamble a membrane. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
what is the disorder known as kyphosis?
KYPHOSIS: increase in severity of the thoracic curve; "hunch back"
what is the disorder known as lordosis?
LORDOSIS: increase in severity of the lumbar curve; "hollow back"
what is the difference between the male and female pelvic?
MALE: heavy and thick, deep, narrow, and heart-shaped FEMALE: light and thin, shallow, wide, and oval-shaped.
what is the disorder known as Rickets/Osteomalacia?
RICKETS/OSTEOMALACIA: inadequate calcification of extracellular matrix caused by vitamin D deficiency. causes rubbery bones in children and increased pain/fractures in adults
what is the disorder known as Scoliosis?
SCOLIOSIS: lateral (sideways) bending of column; most common type
what is the disorder known as a spasm?
SPASM: sudden contraction of one muscle in a group of muscles.
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
SUPPORT: serves as framework PROTECTION: protects the internal organs ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT: attach to the skeletal muscle MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS: stores and releases minerals (calcium and phosphorus) BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION: red and white blood cells, and platelets TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE: yellow bone marrow produce adipocytes
what is the difference between the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles?
Skeletal: striated (striped), voluntary (consciously controlled) Smooth: non striated, involuntary Cardiac: striated, involuntary (unconsciously controlled)
what is the disorder known as a tremor?
TREMOR: rythmic involuntary contraction
what is the role of hormones in growth? what is the difference between growing in length and bone resorption (width)?
bones continue to grow in length and width to support a growing body. (length) growing at the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.endochondral ossification on the diaphyseal side. bone lengthening can be hindering by damaged to the epiphyseal plate.when growth stops, the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line. (width) as tissue is added to the surface of the bone, osteoclasts in the medullary cavity are breaking down tissue and widening the cavity.
what does excitation- contraction coupling mean?
describes how muscle action potential causes the release of Ca2+ channel proteins SR membrane open up. Ca2+ flows out and binds to troponin, troponin changes shape and the contraction cycle begins. once has stopped Ca2+ is pumped back into SR using active transport.
what are the parts of the long bones?
diaphysis: the shaft of the long bone epiphysis:end of the bone metaphysis:area between epiphysis and diaphysis, contain the epiphyseal plate articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis to reduce friction and absorb shock Periosteum: tough connective tissue around the surface of the bone medullary cavity: hollow center of the bone which contains yellow bone marrow, helps minimize weight Endosteum: thin membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity, made of connective tissue and bone-forming cells
what is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?
nerves and muscles need calcium, so blood calcium levels must remain within a small range. 99% of calcium is bone. when CA2+ is low, Ca2+ is pumped into the blood by osteoclast. when Ca2+ is high, CA2+ is absorbed into bone by osteoblast. parathyroid hormone controls activity of osteoclasr and osteoblast.
what are the functions of the muscular system?
skeletal muscles create movement and protect organs. cardiac muscles pump blood, smooth muscles aid digestion and ensure blood flow.
what is the importance of bone surface markings?
structural features of bone adapted for different functions. depression and opening: allow passage of nerves and blood vessels. *foramen: opening/hole through bone *meatus: tube-like opening processes: projections that form attched points
what are the parts of the whole muscle?
tendon: rope-like structure that attaches muscle to bone Fascicles: small bundles of muscle fibers Endomysium: connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers Aponeurosis: flat sheet-like fascia that attaches muscle to muscle or muscle to bone Perimysium: connective tissue that surrounds the fascia or bundles Epimysium: connective tissue that surrounds a whole skeleton muscle.
how is calcium important to bines and muscles?
when calcium is low, calcium is pumped into blood by osteoclast when calcium is high, calcium is absorbed into bone by osteoblast.
