Anatomy and Physiology I Ch 2

Correctly match the different functional modes of exocrine gland secretion.

Definition 1 - Secretions released from cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. Therefore the cells remain intact. Merocrine Definition 2 - Secretory product accumulates in cytosol. As it matures, the cell membrane ruptures releasing the secretory contents. With the rupture of the cell membrane, this cell dies and gets replaced by a new cell. Holocrine Definition 3 - Secretory product accumulates in cell apical region. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. Therefore, only the apical part of the cell gets removed, but cells do not die. Apocrine

Match each connective tissue cell in LEFT column with its function listed in RIGHT column.

Macrophages = develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis. Plasma = develop from B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances. Mast cells = produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria. Fibroblasts = large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance. Eosinophils = white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses. Neutrophils = white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis. Adipocytes = store fats and found below the skin and around organs (heart, kidney).

Match the correct muscle type for each sentence below. LO6

Skeletal muscle tissue - voluntarily controlled - multinucleated - found attached to bones - contains long, non-branching cylindrical cells - concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole - also known as striated muscles Smooth muscle tissue - found in the walls of stomach, uterus and arteries - contains spindle-shaped cells - located in the walls of hollow internal organs - allows you to direct your eyeballs Cardiac muscle tissue - contains cylindrical cells with branching ends - displays intercalated discs - tissue of the circulatory pump - changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue - striated appearance Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue - single nucleus in each cell - involuntarily controlled

Which of the following are parts of neurons? LO7

dendrite, axon, and cell body

Match each connective tissue fibers in LEFT column with its description listed in RIGHT column. LO4

elastic fibers = elastic fibers [ Choose ] stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue. Collagen = strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body Reticular fibers = are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve).

Which of the following tissue membranes is classified as a connective tissue membrane? LO8

synovial membrane

Neural tissue cells: LO7

transmit electrical signals

Which of the following tissue membranes is classified as an epithelial membrane? LO8

- cutaneous membrane - serous membrane - mucous membrane

Blanks "is the standard, initial response of the body to injury. Whether biological, chemical, physical, or radiation burns, . . ." LO9

1 - Inflammation 2 - Necrosis 3 - Apoptosis 4 - Peritonitis 5 - Meningitis 6 - redness, swelling, pain, and local heat 7 - Loss of function 8 - vasodilation 9 - Increased 10 - histamine 11 - white blood 12 - endothelium 13 - edema 14 - prostaglandins

Blanks "After containment of an injury, the tissue repair phase starts with removal of toxins and waste products . . ." LO9

1 - reduces 2 - scab 3 - fibroblasts 4 - angiogenesis 5 - granulation 6 - primary union 7 - secondary union 8 - wound contraction 9 - Regeneration 10 - replacement

Using the key choices, identify the following specific type(s) of epithelial tissue.

1. Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis. = Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine. = Simple Columnar Epithelium 3. Best suited for areas subjected to friction. = stratified squamous epithelium 4. Lines much of the respiratory tract. = pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5. Found in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one another. = transitional epithelium 6. Propels substances (e.g., mucus) across its surface. = pseudostratified columnar epithelium 7. Forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells. = simple squamous epithelium 8. Specialized cells that line blood vessels. = Endothelium

Choose the best answers for the phrases below. LO9

1. This is the first cardinal sign of the inflammatory process - redness 2. This is the first cardinal sign of the inflammatory process. - mast cells 3. Mast cells release granules that contain this chemical. - histamine 4. Mast cells main functions is to: - cause vasodilation and loosen up the endothelial cells in the blood vessel 5. These cells enter the blood vessels as a response to the actions of histamine. - neutrophils and macrophages 6. This is another word for swelling. - edema 7. This process will activate the first pain receptors in inflamed tissue. [edema] 8. Release of this hormone will from injured cells activates pain receptors. - prostaglandins 9. This medication can be taken to block the synthesis of prostaglandins. - NSAIDs 10. This medication can be taken to block histamine response. - antihistamines

Choose the best answer with regards to the types of tissue membranes. LO8

1. This tissue membrane lines the cavities of freely movable joints. = synovial membrane 2. This tissue membrane line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment. = mucous membrane 3. This tissue membrane lines the joints of shoulder, elbow and knee. = synovial membrane 4. This tissue membrane has mucus that is produced by epithelial cells. = mucous membrane 5. This tissue membrane lines the cavities that do not open to the outside. = serous membrane 6. This tissue membrane covers the outside of the body. = cutaneous membrane 7. This tissue membrane forms the mesenteries that suspend many digestive organs. = serous membrane 8. The apical surface of this membrane is exposed to the external environment and is covered with dead, keratinized cells that help protect the body from desiccation and pathogens. = cutaneous membrane 9. This tissue membrane has an underlying connective tissue known as lamina propria, that will help support the above, fragile epithelial layer. = mucous membrane

Choose the correct connective tissue classification for each statement below.

1. What are the types of fluid connective tissue? = blood and lymph 2. What are the types of cartilage? = hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage 3. What are the types of connective tissue proper? = loose, dense, and elastic 4.What are the two classifications of dense connective tissue proper? = regular and irregular 5. What are the types of supporting connective tissue? = cartilage and bone 6. What are the two types of bone tissue? = compact and spongy 7. All of these are classified as loose connective tissue. Except this one. = elastic

The elongated region of a neuron that is surrounded by neuroglial cells and myelin sheathing is the _____. LO7

Axon

Define the terms below by matching each structural epithelial tissue characteristic with its correct definition.

Definition 1 - Damaged or lost superficial epithelial cells are replaced by deeper dividing cells. = Regeneration Definition 2 - Uneven distribution of organelles within the cell due to the presence of an apical surface (faces exterior of body) and a basal surface (attached to adjacent tissue). = Polarity Definition 3 - May be located internally as it covers organs, or externally as it covers the entire body. It also forms glands that will help in secretion. = Covers body surfaces Definition 4 - This tissue lacks blood vessels and the cells receive their nutrients through diffusion from blood vessels present in the connective tissue. = Avascularity Definition 5 - Epithelial tissue is composed almost entirely of cells bound closely together by specialized junctions with little or no space in between these cells. = Cellularity Definition 6 - Basal surface of epithelial cell is attached to the basal lamina, maintaining these cells in place. = Attachment

Match the correct term to the sentences below with regards to mesenchyme. LO4

Derives from this embryonic layer. = mesodermal layer Is the first connective tissue to develop in the embryo. = mesenchyme Is a second type of embryonic connective tissue. = mucous connective tissue These cells form the mesenchyme. = mesenchymal cells

Of the functions listed below, which ones belong to the epithelial tissue and which ones belong to the connective tissue. LO5

Epithelial tissue - many cells are tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix. - tissue has no blood vessels - always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissue, except within blood vessels Connective tissue - tissue has significant networks of blood vessels - large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered

Where in your body can you find nerve cells? LO7

Everywhere

Special epithelial tissues that produce secretions are called:

Glands

What are the cells that are surrounding the neuron collectively called? LO7

Glial cells

Match the definition to the terms below. LO9

Hyperplasia -enlargement of organ or tissue due to increase cell reproduction rate Atrophy - decrease in tissue mass due to lack of use or nutritional abnormalities Fibrosis - Connective tissue thickening or scarring necrosis - Cell death due to disease Apoptosis - Normal and controlled cell death Hypertrophy - tissue increase without cell division Dysplasia - cell growth within a tissue or organ that represents an abnormal cell type Metaplasia - change in cell type with an organ or tissue due to environmental changes regeneration - Action or process of creating new cells

Which of the following tissues is made up of cells that conduct impulses? LO7

Nervous

What is the cell type in nervous tissue responsible for sending and receiving messages?

Neuron

Choose the name of the muscle tissue that matches each function. LO6

Smooth muscle tissue - Movement of urine through the urinary tract. - Movement of food through the digestive tract. - Controls blood flow through arteries and veins. - Controls blood pressure. Skeletal muscle tissue - Movement of bone and/or skin. Cardiac muscle tissue - Movement of blood through the heart and into the arteries.

Classify epithelia on LEFT column according to number of layers and cell shape on RIGHT column. Group of answer choices simple

a. Simple = one cell layer b. Stratified = more than one cell layer c. Columnar = rectangular cells d. Cuboidal = square cells e. Squamous = flat cells f. Transitional = rounded cells; balloons-shaped cells

Match each epithelial tissue in RIGHT column with its function listed in LEFT column.

a. functions in diffusion and filtration = simple square epithelium b. Functions in protection = stratified and transitional epithelium c. functions in secretion and absorption = simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium d. changes shape as the tissue stretches = transitional epithelium e. produces movement of material = ciliated epithelium

From the answer choices below, check which are the cardinal signs of inflammation. (check ALL that apply) LO9

redness, swelling, pain, local heat

Match the type of cancer to the types of cells that cause them. LO9

sarcoma - connective tissue glioma - glial cells carcinoma - epithelial cells myeloma - myeloid tissue or blood cells leukemia - white blood cells

Which of the following is a function of connective tissues? LO4

support, surround, and interconnect other tissue types.