Anatomy & Physiology I, Skeletal System, Module 4
What types of fractures are there?
1 - Closed (simple) - bone breaks but remains within the skin 2 - Open (compound) - bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin. 3 - greenstick - bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across 4 - comminuted - bone is broken into more than two segments 5 - impacted - one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone
What types of synovial joints are there?
1 Hinge - movement in one direction (knee) 2 Ball-and-socket - allow movement in all places and rotational movement (hip and shoulder) 3 Saddle joint - thumb uses this to cross over palm 4 Pivot joint - rotational movement (cervical spine or neck)
14. Label the landmarks of the skull in the figure below: https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review1.png
1-mastoid foramen, L 4-Carotid canal 10-Carotid canal 11-External acoustic meatus https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_4.9.png
1. What is the function of the flat bones?
1. Produce red blood cells; protection of internal organs (skull protects the brain).
11. What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
11. The spinal cord passes to become the brain stem
15. What is the function of the nasal conchae?
15. The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.
16. What are the only unpaired bones of the facial skeleton?
16. The mandible and the vomer
19. True or false: A typical spine is completely straight when standing vertically.
19. False (note the typical curvatures in a spinal column)
2. Describe the shape of a long bone and what its design allows.
2. Long and thin; designed to support body weight and enable movement
20. True or false: The vertebral body is located anteriorly and can be palpated along the surface of the back.
20. False (located anteriorly, but the spinous processes are the structures that can be palpated along the surface of the back)
The skull has how many bones? They are from the _________ and the ________ group of bones.
22; cranium and facial
23. What is the purpose of transverse foramina in cervical spinal vertebrae?
23. Passage of vertebral arteries and veins
3. Name the five basic bone shapes.
3. Long, flat, short, irregular, and sesamoid.
33. Why is the glenohumeral joint prone to dislocation?
33. The glenoid cavity is very shallow and much smaller than the head of the humerus. The humerus needs to be held to the shallow glenoid cavity by the rotator cuff muscles and other ligaments
40. Name the four bones of the distal row of carpal bones.
40. The distal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
42. What bone is highlighted in the figure? (Left hand) https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review2.png
42. capitate
44. The coxal bones are connected posteriorly to the
44. The sacrum
45. The superior most region on the ilium is called the
45. Iliac crest
47. What bone landmark is highlighted in orange (center) in the figure below?
47. Iliac fossa
49. What are the main differences in the male and female pelvic shapes? Why?
49. The pubic arch is wider in females than in males. The pubic brim, also known as the pelvic outlet is shaped more like a circle in males and an oval in females. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.
50. True or false: The intertrochanteric crest articulates with the acetabulum.
50. False
51. What bone landmark is highlighted in blue, along the center portion of the shaft? https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review4.png
51. Linea aspera
53. What bone lies anteriorly to the femur?
53. Patella
54. The medial malleolus of the ankle is a part of what bone?
54. Tibia
56. What bone of the foot is highlighted in blue below (left)? https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review5.png
56. Navicular
58. Name and describe the function of the contents of the medullary cavity of bone.
58. Yellow bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones. Red bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.
60. This special type of cartilage is found at joint articulations
60. articular cartilage
61. Which type of bone is lighter: Spongy or compact?
61. Spongy bone
62. Which type of bone is usually found on the external surface of bone: Spongy or compact?
62. Compact
63. Which type of bone cell is responsible for removing worn bone cells?
63. Osteoclasts
64. True or false: Only children require calcium in their diet to promote the work of building bone.
64. False
65. True or false: Endochondral ossification is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage
65. True
66. True or false: Intramembranous ossification is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.
66. True
67. This type of fracture occurs when one end of the bone is pushed inside the other.
67. Impacted
68. This type of arthritis causes the synovial membrane to become inflamed.
68. Rheumatoid arthritis
69. What type of joint is immovable: Fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial?
69. Fibrous joints
70. Synovial joints produce what type of fluid?
70. Synovial fluid
71. The thumb has this type of synovial joint to allow the thumb to cross over the palm
71. Saddle joint
72. The clavicle connects posteriorly to the scapula via what ligament?
72. Acromioclavicular ligament
73. Review all shoulder ligaments
73. See figure in module
74. The_________ ligament attaches the femur to the ilium
74. The iliofemoral ligament
81. What ligament is highlighted in blue in the figure behttps://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review6.pnglow?
75. Iliolumbar ligament (left and right)
76. Review all pelvic ligaments.
76. See figure in module
77. What is highlighted in blue in the figure below? (https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review7.pngposterior view)
77. Lateral meniscus
78. The abbreviation PCL stands for
78. Posterior cruciate ligament
79. Review all ligaments of the knee.
79. See figure in module.
8. What two bones of the cranium lie primarily within the skull?
8. The sphenoid and the ethmoid bones
80. This ligament connects the anterior vertebral bodies.
80. Anterior longitudinal ligament.
81. What ligament is highlighted in blue in the figure below? https://www.nursingabc.com/upload/images/Module_pictures/AP_1_2018/module_1/AP_1_2018_module_2/AP_1_2018_module_3/AP1_2018_module_4/AP1_m4_review8.png
81. Supraspinous ligament
82. Why can a herniated disc be painful?
82. Pain results when the damaged disk presses against the spinal cord or the spinal nerves.
83. Review all spinal ligaments
83. See figure in module.
fontanelles
Areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age.
distinct markings, ridges, grooves, and holes in bones are called what?
Bone landmarks
Foraman, canal, fissure are what?
Bone landmarks that have round or oval opening through a bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
Sinus (bone marking)
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
contains many osteons (formerly called Haversian systems) in which osteocytes (bone cells) in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.
Compact bone
59. The center length of a long bone is called the
Diaphysis
29. True or false: Anteriorly, the clavicle connects to the scapula
FALSE
30. True or false: The medial border of the scapula connects directly to the neck of the scapula.
FALSE
46. The ASIS is a bone landmark on what bone?
Ilium
38. What structures connects the ulna and radius along their shafts?
Interosseous membrane
head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
Processes formed for articulation with adjacent bones
What is the difference between osteo and rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid is the inflammation of the synovial membrane as it thickens. The joint degenerates and becomes almost immovable. Osteoarthritis is when the cartilege disinitegrates. This occurs naturally over wear and tear. The joints become rough and irregular and painful to move.
31. True or false: The subscapular fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula.
TRUE
43. Do the carpal bones of the hand articulate with the metacarpals or proximal phalanges?
The metacarpals
37. What is the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly?
Ulna
25. What is the purpose of costal facets?
articulations with ribs
6. What division of the skeleton lies along the midline?
axial
The _______ skeleton lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull and what other four bones?
axial; vertebral column, the sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and the thoracic (rib) cage
external acoustic meatus
bone for the transmission of sound within temporal bone
All bones are storage areas for inorganic _________ and __________ salts.
calcium and phosphorus
fossa, sulcus
depressions in bone
process, ramus
elevations and projections in bone
This bone is part of the orbital wall and a component of the nasal septum
ethmoid bone
22. True or False: A typical thoracic vertebra has a bifid spinous process.
false
28. True or False: Ribs 11 and 12 have no posterior attachment to the thoracic vertebrae.
false
35. True or false: The lateral epicondyle of the humerus can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow.
false
5. True or false: A sulcus is a raised ridge in bone.
false
7. True or false: Fontanelles are present in adults.
false
9. True or false: The frontal bone is a paired bone of the cranium.
false
These bones form a roof of the skull to protect the brain. What is an example?
flat bone; cranium
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital - where are these bones?
forehead, extend on sides, below the parietal on sides, curves to form base of skull
What are the large bones of the cranium?
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Review spinal bones.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/cervical-vertebrae-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/thoracic-vertebrae-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/lumbar-vertebrae-quiz
48. Review all bone landmarks of the coxal bones.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/coxa-anterior-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/coxa-lateral-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/coxa-medial-quiz
Cranial floor quiz
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/cranial-floor-markings-quiz
52. Review all bone landmarks of the femur.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/femur-anterior-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/femur-posterior-quiz
57. Review bones of the foot.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/foot-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/foot-superior-quiz
41. Review all bones of the hand.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/hand-quiz
36. Review humerus bone landmarks.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/humerus-quiz
39. Review ulna and radius bone landmarks.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/radius-ulna-quiz-posterior https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/radius-ulna-quiz-anterior
Other important quizzes (5): Thoracic, shoulder, sacrum
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/scapula-quiz-anterior https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/sternum-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/scapula-quiz-posterior https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/sacrum-coccyx-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/system-quizzes/clavicle-quiz
Review skull bones.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/skull-anterior-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/skull-lateral-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/skull-lateral-markings-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/skull-sutures-quiz
55. Review bone landmarks of the tibia and fibula.
https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/tibia-fibula-posterior-quiz https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeletal-system-quizzes/tibia-fibula-anterior-quiz
What do the nasal conchae do?
increase SA to better humidify, clean, and moisturize the air
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid sinus that can lead to deafness
These bones are varied in structure with ridges; give an example
irregular bones; vertebrae, pelvic bones like ilium, ischium, and pubis
bones that are scale-like, thin and lie between ethmoid bone and maxillary bone
lacrimal bone
humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals are examples of what type of bone?
long bones
thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement
long bones
26. Which region of the spine has the largest vertebral bodies?
lumbar
lower jaw
mandible
17. What bone forms the anterior portion of the hard palate?
maxilla
upper jaw
maxilla
27. The line along the midline of the sacrum is called the - ________________.
median sacral crest
bridge of the nose bone
nasal bone
10. Which bone contains the foramen magnum?
occipital bone
sinus infection
occurs when soft tissues inside the sinuses became inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy
carotid canal
opening for the internal carotid artery
posterior portion of hard palate and floor of nasal cavity
palatine bones
Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
34. The capitulum articulates with a small portion of the
radius
What do sesamoid bones do? What are they shaped like? Give an example.
reinforce tendons; small and flat; patella
small and cube-shaped bones; where do you find them?
short bones; carpals in hand and tarsals in foot
4. What term best describes a hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air?
sinus
13. Sinusitis is an infection of the
sinuses
This bone completes the skull and contributes to floors of walls of the eye sockets
sphenoid bone
21. The vertebrae fit together to protect the ______________ vertebral canal.
spinal cord
Forman Magnum
the hole in the base of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
24. What region of the spine contains costal facets?
thoracic
Bone that joins perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone to form nasal septum
vomer
cheekbone prominences
zygomatic bones