Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to make them tasty. This phenomenon is termed _____________. A) agglutination B) diapedesis C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the gallbladder were severely damaged? A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) lipids D) all of these would be affected about the same
C
During the platelet release reaction and the platelets are sticking, which of the following things are released to cause more platelets to stick and form the plug? A) histamine B) serotonin C) ADP D) more than one of these
C
Epinephrine will have which of the following effects on the sinoatrial node? A) it has no effect on the sinoatrial node B) it will change the threshold so that it is more positive C) it will decrease the amount of time taken to reach threshold D) it will cause the cells to become more negative and increase the time it takes to reach threshold
C
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ______________. A) a runner has completed a very long marathon B) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids C) a person is hypoventilating D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
C
Secretin is a hormone that will be released in response to: A) fatty acids in the duodenum B) an increased level of peptides in the chyme C) acidic chyme entering the duodenum D) simple carbohydrates and alcohols
C
Select the correct statement about the lung's role in acid-base balance. A) hyperventilating will lower blood pH B) blowing out more CO2 will lower blood pH C) hypoventilating will lower blood pH D) more than one of these is correct
C
Sickle cell anemia is a serious disorder caused by: A) reduction of the heme groups B) oxidation of heme groups C) an abnormal amino acid within the globin proteins D) abnormal heme groups
C
The amount of blood flow: A) is inversely related to the differences in pressure along a vessel B) is directly related to the resistance of the vessels C) may be controlled via myogenic and metabolic processes D) all of the above are true regarding blood flow
C
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle: A) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated by water leaving as it moves up into the cortex B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) is not permeable by water D) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
C
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is different from blood plasma because it will not contain any: A) hormones B) electrolytes C) plasma proteins D) glucose
C
The inhibitory phase of intestinal control of gastric activity will: A) cause churning and secretion to remain constant B) the inhibitory phase really doesn't apply to gastric activity C) reduce stomach activity and emptying D) open the pyloric sphincter allowing more chyme entry
C
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is: A) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood C) the capsular hydrostatic pressure D) none of the above are correct
A
The function of ADH is to: A) increase water permeability in the collecting duct B) decrease water absorption C) cause both water and salt reabsorption D) decrease arterial blood pressure
A
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus B) exposure to an antigen C) booster shot of vaccine D) infusion of weakened viruses
A
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgM contains 10 binding sites B) IgA contains 6 binding sites C) IgD contains 4 binding sites D) IgG contains 6 binding sites
A
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveoli B) alveolar ducts C) alveolar sacs D) respiratory bronchioles
A
Once our cells are damaged they may release tissue thromboplastin which will result in: A) the intrinsic clotting pathway being initiated B) the extrinsic clotting pathway being initiated C) the common pathway will be started directly by tissue thromboplastin D) tissue thromboplastin will cause vasoconstriction
B
During the period of ventricular filling: A) blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves B) the atria remain in diastole C) pressure in the heart is at its peak D) all of the above are correct
A
During the period of ventricular relaxation and filling ___________. A) it is represented by the T wave on the ECG B) pressure in the heart is at its peak C) the atria remain in diastole D) blood flows passively through the ventricles into the atria
A
Endothelial cells are found in the tunic known as the: A) tunica interna (intima) B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) tunica adventitia
A
Enterokinase is an important enzyme because it: A) activates the zymogen trypsinogen B) digests maltose into monosaccharides C) activates pancreatic lipase and emulsifies lipids D) allows the body to absorb vitamin B12
A
If Mr. Walker decided to go for a run which of the following would likely occur? A) capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood B) blood will be diverted to the digestive organs C) the skin will be cold and clammy D) all of the above are correct
A
If a Rh- negative mother would give birth to an Rh+ child what might be the effects on her body? A) she will start producing Rh antibodies B) she will start producing Rh antigens C) it will have no effect on her body D) she will become Rh positive following exposure
A
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) peripheral resistance B) gender C) cardiac output D) blood volume
B
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) they include allergic contact dermatitis B) they involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils C) they are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms D) they are also called type IV hypersensitivities
B
Natural killer (NK) cells ____________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) can kill cancer cells before the specific immune system is activated C) are a type of phagocyte D) are cells of the adaptive immune system
B
Assume a condition of metabolic acidosis. Which of the following is true? A) bicarbonate levels in the plasma are low B) the lungs are using bicarbonate at a rapid pace C) the kidneys are adding new bicarbonate ions to the blood to bolster the alkaline reserve D) both A and C are correct
D
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________________. A) B lymphocytes B) T lymphocytes C) pinocytosis D) natural killer cells
D
Which of the following cell types is important in the pathway of monocyte production? A) myeloblast B) lymphoblast C) hemocytoblast D) more than one of these is correct
D
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) sets the stage for repair processes C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
D
Which of the following is NOT an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) external respiration B) internal respiration C) pulmonary ventilation D) blood pH adjustment
D
Which of the following is not involved in the digestion and absorption of lipids? A) bile salts B) pancreatic enzymes C) emulsification D) brush border enzymes
D
Which of the following is true about antibodies? A) incapable of being transferred from one person to another B) three binding sites per antibody monomer C) carbohydrate structure D) each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites
D
these proteins increase plasma osmotic pressure
albumin
The macula densa cells are responsible for: A) deciding if the kidney should secrete or absorb bicarbonate ions B) regulating blood pressure and renin release C) monitoring osmolarity and regulating the rate of filtration D) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water
C
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ____________. A) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells B) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach C) the control of respiratory ventilation D) control of the acids produced in the stomach
C
The mitral valve is open and the aortic valve is closed: A) during isovolumetic relaxation B) during ventricular systole C) during the filling stage D) during the ejection phase
C
The myogenic control of blood flow will: A) cause vasoconstriction if the pressure is too low to an organ B) cause vasodilation if there is a buildup of certain chemicals C) respond to the stretch of the vessels leading to an organ D) always vasodilate if there is lack of oxygen
C
The site of production of gastrin and somatostatin is: A) the pancreas B) the duodenal cells C) the gastric pits D) the large intestine
C
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ____________. A) charles' law B) henry's law C) dalton's law D) boyle's law
C
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to _____________. A) replace mucus in the alveoli B) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion C) secrete surfactant D) trap dust and other debris
C
There are 2 pathways that can trigger blood clotting. Which of the following statements is most correct about the intrinsic pathway? A) it is triggered by exposure to positive surfaces B) it involves only internal bleeding C) it finishes with formation of the fibrin web D) the intrinsic pathway is faster and triggered by tissue thromboplastin
C
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) solubility in water B) the temperature C) partial pressure gradient D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
C
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? A) carbon dioxide's effect on pH B) partial pressure of O2 C) nitric oxide D) temperature
C
Which of the following is NOT a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells B) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells C) renin D) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
C
Which of the following is a precursor of a platelet? A) myeloblast B) plateletoblast C) megakaryoblast D) all of these are correct
C
Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) distal convoluted tubule C) loop of Henle D) glomerulus
C
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the adrenal glands and the testes B) the stomach and the liver C) the lungs and the kidneys D) the thyroid gland and the heart
C
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________________. A) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be most active in helping you to digest this food? A) the thyroid gland B) the buccal glands C) the pancreas D) the parotid glands
C
contains cells joined by gap junctions in the heart
myocardium
the pericardial sac will be lined by:
parietal pericardium
protein that plays a role in dissolving a blood clot
plasmin
these are cell fragments that help form a plug sealing a break
platelets
Residual volume
unused at the bottom
a plasma protein important for clotting
fibrinogen
thrombin acts on this protein to form a protein meshwork
fibrinogen
Tidal volume
middle portion
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is: A) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere C) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
A
Which of the following is NOT normal for our blood plasma? A) a pH of 7.52 B) nutrients such as lipids, glucose, and amino acids C) albumins D) more than one of these is abnormal
A
The cells that look at MHC Class I would be the: A) cytotoxic T cells B) helper T cells C) plasma cells D) regulatory T cells
A
Albumins contribute to the osmotic pressure in the capillaries which is important because: A) osmotic pressure pulls fluid from the interstitial space back into the capillaries B) osmotic pressure has to be the same as capillary blood pressure C) osmotic pressure will push fluid into the tissues D) albumins have nothing to do with the blood
A
Amino acids and sugars are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by cotransport. A) True B) False
A
Circulatory shock comes in different forms including: A) vascular shock, a result of systemic vasodilation B) emotional, when librarians are amazed by the numbers of books out C) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume D) cardiogenic, which results from a failure of gap junctions within the heart
A
Interferons _________________. A) interfere with the viral replication within cells B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
A
Mr. Walker had a sudden scare as a lion ran into his living room. Which of the following would be included in his response? A) an increase in the heart rate due to effects at the SA node B) lowered contractility of the heart C) negative inotropic effects D) none of the above
A
Mr. Walker was given epinephrine to increase his heart rate. It accomplished this by: A) increasing sodium channel number causing threshold to be reached more quickly B) decreasing the number of sodium channels open C) lowering the EDV of the heart D) none of the above
A
Mr. Walker was prescribed atropine. After consulting his index Medicus, he found out that atropine is a chemical that blocks acetylcholine receptors in the heart. So he figures atropine will: A) cause an increase in heart rate B) have positive inotropic effects C) have no effect on heart rate D) cause a decrease in heart rate
A
Platelets are useful because they: A) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break B) are the precursors of leukocytes C) have a life span of about 120 days D) have multiple nuclei
A
Select the correct statement about autoregulation of blood flow. A) precapillary sphincters relax to allow blood into needy areas B) long-term autoregulation exists in the form of decreased numbers of blood vessels forming when conditions of hypoxia predominate C) in most tissues the strongest stimulus for vasoconstriction is decreased oxygen levels D) a decreased pressure will cause vasoconstriction to an organ
A
Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A) an increased blood volume increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction B) if a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased C) decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume D) stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases
A
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) IgM is well adapted for precipitation and agglutination B) the least common antibody is IgG C) complement fixation is the main mechanism by which IgD provides protection D) neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together
A
Short-chain triglycerides found in food such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) lipase B) cholecystokinin C) pepsin D) bile
A
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the _____________. A) papillary muscles B) venae cavae C) trabeculae carneae D) pectinate muscles
A
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ____________. A) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid B) warming the air before it enters C) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations D) humidifying the air before it enters
A
The function of the enteroendocrine cells is to: A) release important hormones regulating digestion into the blood B) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food by secretion of HCl C) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use D) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
A
The job of aminopeptidase is to: A) remove single amino acids from 1 end of a protein chain B) activate other zymogenic enzymes C) remove chunks of peptide from the amino end of a protein chain D) cut a large protein chain into smaller chunks
A
The mediastinum is really the: A) the region of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart B) sac surrounding the heart to give it freedom of movement C) part of the fibrous skeleton anchoring the valves D) space between the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium
A
The primary immune response _________________. A) has a lag period while B cells clone and differentiate into plasma cells B) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response C) occurs when memory cells are stimulated D) is another name for immunological memory
A
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ____________. A) chemotaxis B) phagocytosis C) diapedesis D) margination
A
The redness and heat of an inflamed area is due to a local hyperemia caused by ____________. A) vasodilation B) production of complement and interferon C) phagocyte mobilization D) vasoconstriction
A
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs _____________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time C) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
A
When the contents of the stomach are rich in lipids and enter the duodenum, a hormone is released that causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme-rich juice. This hormone is: A) cholecystokinin B) enterokinase C) gastrin D) secretin
A
Which of the following cells is the most important for proper specific immunity? A) helper T cell B) APC C) cytotoxic T cell D) B cell
A
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water only conservation in the kidneys? A) antidiuretic hormone B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) thymosin D) aldosterone
A
Which of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies work (not part of the PLAN)? A) activating cytokines B) agglutinating and precipitating antigen C) neutralizing antigen D) lysis with complement proteins
A
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) antigenic B) helper C) cytotoxic D) regulatory
A
Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract B) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
A
Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular contraction? A) pulmonary artery B) venae cavae C) aorta D) pulmonary veins
A
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates: A) acidosis B) alkalosis C) ketosis D) none of the above are correct
B
A decrease in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to: A) a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma B) more than one of these C) a decrease in the production of ADH D) the consumption of alcohol
B
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide, occuring due to pneumonia or emphysema, indicates: A) metabolic alkalosis B) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis
B
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is experiencing unusually rapid and deep breathing. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis
B
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by: A) skin temperature B) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms C) ADH D) all of the above are correct
B
Control of Mr. Walker's blood pressure is a complex system. Which of the following is correct about this regulation? A) an increase in his cardiac output would correspond to a decrease in his blood pressure B) systemic vasoconstriction would tend to increase his TPR as well as his blood pressure C) systemic vasodilation would increase his blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas D) excess protein production from his liver would decrease blood pressure
B
During blood testing there are a variety of normal and abnormal proteins. Which of the following is abnormal? A) fibrinogen B) thromboplastin C) gamma globulins D) albumin
B
During ventricular diastole which of the following is correct? A) ventricular pressure will reach its peak B) the ventricles are filling C) the ventricles are emptying D) the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are always closed
B
Fever _______________. A) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication B) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting C) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous D) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
B
Fred was Mr. Walker's neighbor and was found to have AB+ blood. This tells us that Fred's blood: A) lacks Rh factor B) has no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma C) has antibodies to both A and B D) all of these are correct
B
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin D) as carbonic acid in the plasma
B
If a person were suffering from a severe allergic reaction due to a bee sting which of the following might occur? A) no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate B) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in TPR C) a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output D) no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration
B
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ______________. A) contractions would last as long as the refractory period B) tetanic contractions (cramping) might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action C) it would be less than 1-2 ms D) it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation
B
If the transport maximum for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 30 mg/100 ml, the amino acid: A) will be actively secreted into the filtrate B) will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) will appear in the urine D) only A and C are correct
B
In lab you put the blood pressure cuff on the arm for a few minutes and then released the pressure. What did the arm do after releasing pressure and why? A) there was extreme vasoconstriction so the arm was pale white B) the arm turned red due to reactive hyperemia C) myogenic control stabilized the arm via vasoconstriction D) the arm fell off due to rapid tissue death
B
In response to the information from osmoreceptors ADH will be released and ADH will: A) promote a decrease in blood pressure B) promote an increase in blood volume C) result in a larger output of urine D) decrease sodium reabsorption
B
In the proximal convoluted tubule: A) water is pumped out B) sodium is actively reabsorbed followed by Cl- and H20 C) sodium is passively reabsorbed D) vasa recta are removing salt and water
B
Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney are important for doing which of the following? A) reducing blood pressure to the kidneys B) releasing renin if blood pressure is low C) retention of water only D) none of the above
B
Juxtaglomerular cells will begin to release renin when: A) the pH of the urine decreases B) there is reduced stretch of afferent arterioles C) the filtrate has too high of osmolarity D) the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
B
Mr. Walker accidentally took some medicine that hyperpolarized the cells in the SA node. What would be the result? A) slow calcium channels in the pacemaker tissue would be cycling at a greater rate B) heart rate would decrease, because it would take more time for the cells to reach threshold C) heart rate would increase due to a decreased time for depolarization of the pacemaker cells D) tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
B
Mr. Walker was having problems with his TPR. He wondered what the heck that meant and found only one of the following to be correct. Which one is it? A) he thinks his TPR increases as blood viscosity decreases B) he thinks his TPR increases as blood vessel diameter decreases C) he thinks that his TPR isn't involved with his high blood pressure D) he thinks gaining weight will decrease his TPR
B
One of the features that keeps the heart muscle cells from having a sustained contraction is the: A) constant influx of Na B) a brief influx of Ca++ during repolarization known as the plateau phase C) their relatively short refractory period allows for more contractions D) the SA node fires at a rate that will prevent the cramping type of contractions
B
Pepsinogen is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) serous cells B) chief cells C) parietal cells D) mucous neck cells
B
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates: A) ventricular depolarization B) atrial depolarization C) ventricular repolarization D) atrial repolarization
B
The T wave will begin which phase of the cardiac cycle? A) isovolumetric contraction B) ventricular filling C) ventricular ejection D) cardiogenic shock
B
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH. A) True B) False
B
The intrinsic conduction system is important for spreading the impulse over the heart in a coordinated fashion. Which of the following is the correct order of structures? A) AV node, SA node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers B) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers C) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node D) SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His
B
The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by __________. A) henry's law B) boyle's law C) charles' law D) dalton's law
B
Trypsinogen, pepsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen are inactive enzymes. Which of the following organs synthesize and secrete these products? A) duodenum B) pancreas C) liver D) stomach
B
When Mr. Walker recovered, he did some blood typing of his friends and wasn't sure what blood type it was if neither A, B, or Rh clotted on a plate. Can you help him out here? A) A+ B) O- C) AB+ D) O+
B
When the pancreas detects low blood sugar, it will release the hormone ___________ and the liver will ________________. A) insulin, store glucose B) glucagon, release glucose C) insulin, release glucose D) glucagon, store glucose
B
When we ingest large food items such as meat, fish and vegetables, they must undergo physical processes to break down the food items. This is called: A) secretion B) mechanical digestion C) absorption D) chemical digestion
B
When you listen to your heart with a stethoscope and looking at the sheet music, the second sound is occuring during: A) atrial systole B) isovolumetric relaxation C) isovolumetric contraction D) ejection phase
B
Which globulins transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins? A) plasmin B) alpha and beta globulins C) gamma globulins D) fibrinogen
B
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure of oxygen B) number of red blood cells C) pH D) temperature
B
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) respiratory changes B) diet C) kidneys can help D) bicarbonate buffer systems
B
Which of the following statements is true regarding the stage known as isovolumetric contraction? A) occurs immediately after the semilunar valves close B) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers C) occurs while the AV valves are open D) occurs only in people with heart valve defects
B
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains bicarbonate ions, chymotrypsinogen, and lipases is: A) bile B) intestinal juice C) pancreatic juice D) gastric juice
C
A patient is breathing rapidly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) metabolic alkalosis B) respiratory acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) metabolic acidosis
C
Antibody functions include all of the following except ______________. A) binding antigens and then activating mast cells and basophils for histamine release B) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution C) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
C
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells D) forming a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell
C
Blood flow to individual organs may be regulated by localized metabolic conditons. Which of the following may result in vasodilation? A) increased oxygen levels B) increased carbon dioxide levels C) a rise in the pH D) none of the above will cause vasodilation
C
Capillary blood flow can be controlled by: A) veins increasing their pressure B) osmotic pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries C) arterioles constricting decrease the flow in capillaries D) precapillary sphincters can open to reduce blood flow
C
Closure of the bicuspid valve will result when: A) blood begins to move from the atria to ventricles B) the ventricles relax due to the T wave C) the ventricles contract following the QRS complex D) when the atria contract due to the P wave
C
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the outside inward: A) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa B) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, mucosa C) serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa D) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, submucosa
C
Hypoalbumenia, a low plasma albumin level has been shown to cause edema (swelling). This occurs because the low albumin levels will: A) increase the osmotic pressure in the capillaries B) increase blood pressure C) decrease the osmotic pressure in the capillaries D) decrease blood pressure
C
If you were looking in the microscope at a blood smear and saw a cell with no nucleus, a biconcave disk shape, and in very high numbers it would probably be a: A) platelet B) neutrophil C) erythrocyte D) none of these is correct
C
If you were to try to measure Mr. Walker's EDV, which stage of the cardiac cycle would you want to look at? A) filling stage B) isovolumetric relaxation stage C) isovolumetric contraction stage D) ejection phase
C
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach: A) is the only place where fats are completely digested B) initiates emulsification of lipids C) is capable of absorbing some small, nonpolar molecules such as aspirin D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
C
In lab you cut a heart in half and noticed that the left side had much thicker walls than the right side. Why is this? A) the bicuspid valve is small so it takes more pressure to push blood out B) the left side of the heart has to pump more blood C) the right side needs less pressure to move blood so there is less muscle D) most people sleep on their right side so it helps push blood out
C
Innate/nonspecific immune system defenses include _____________. A) T cells B) B cells C) phagocytosis D) plasma cells
C
Mr. Walker ate some dirt and then developed intestinal parasites. Which of the following cells would help fight the invaders? A) platelets (thrombocytes) B) monocytes C) eosinophils D) basophils
C
Mr. Walker is having a rough day. His EKG indicates that there is no P wave. Which of the following will be most affected by this? A) ventricular repolarization B) ventricular depolarization C) atrial depolarization D) atrial repolarization
C
Mr. Walker took a drug that worked on his SA node by reducing the number of leaky Na+ channels that were open. What effects would this have? A) tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle B) slow calcium channels in the pacemaker tissue would be cycling at a greater rate C) his heart rate would decrease because it would take more time to reach the threshold for calcium channels to open D) his heart rate would decrease due to a slower depolarization of the pacemaker cells
C
Regulatory T cells _______________. A) are the most thoroughly understood T cells B) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
C
ADH and Aldosterone are 2 hormones affecting our blood. Which of the following statements is correct regarding these important hormones? A) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone have different effects on blood osmolarity B) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone both increase blood volume C) a sudden rise in osmolarity due to water loss from excessive diarrhea will most likely increase aldosterone levels first D) more than one of these is correct
D
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves: A) secretin, an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction B) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa C) bile salts that begin lipid breakdown by removing fatty acids D) pancreatic secretions that help in the breakdown of nutrient molecules
D
Collection and return of blood to the heart after gas and nutrient exchange is accomplished by the: A) arterioles B) arteries C) capillaries D) veins
D
Cytotoxic T cells ______________. A) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function B) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
D
Damage to the ________ is referred to as a conduction block A) sinoatrial node B) atrioventricular bundle C) atrioventricular valves D) atrioventricular node
D
Factors that aid venous return include all except: A) postural changes B) activity of skeletal muscles C) venous valves D) urinary output
D
Factors that will increase the stroke volume of the heart would include: A) a lowering of the ESV B) an increased preload C) a higher EDV D) more than one of the above
D
Fenestrated capillaries: A) are common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function B) are more permeable than continuous capillaries C) are found in the kidneys to allow wastes to leave the blood D) all of the above are correct
D
Heart rate can be affected by which of the following? A) emotions B) postural changes C) activity D) all of the above affect arterial pulse rate
D
Helper T cells ________________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) release B7 proteins C) often function to decrease the immune response D) function in activating both cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes
D
If Mr. Walker had normal hemoglobin you would be able to tell him that it was made up of: A) hemoglobin is always only protein B) 1 heme group surrounded by 4 globin proteins C) 1 globin protein and 4 heme groups D) 4 heme groups and 4 globin proteins
D
Mechanisms that help regulate blood pressure include: A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving pressoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and medullary centers B) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction C) chemical controls using osmoreceptors D) all of the above are correct
D
Metabolic acidosis can occur when: A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions C) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction D) a person has diarrhea
D
Mr. Walker was having problems with his lymphatic system. Which of the following will be affected by this? A) excretion of excess dietary fat B) maintenance of blood pressure in the venous circulation C) transport of red blood cells to the blood vascular system D) transport of lipids in the digestive system
D
Mr. Walker was in a car accident and was bleeding badly. He turned out to have B+ blood. Which of the following is true? A) he will be producing Rh antibodies B) he is lucky since he can receive any blood type C) he can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen D) his blood contains the B antigen and A antibodies
D
Our baroreceptor is an effective response to sudden drops in blood pressure because it includes: A) an increase in antidiuretic hormone production B) vasoconstriction C) increased TPR D) more than one of the above is correct
D
Our kidneys are one of the main regulators of forming new red blood cells, also known as erythropoiesis. Which of the following will trigger the kidneys to increase RBC production? A) the tissues need less oxygen B) an increased number of RBCs C) moving to a lower altitude after living on Mt. Everest D) an increase in exercise and activity levels
D
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ____________. A) filtration B) osmosis C) active transport D) diffusion
D
Parietal cells of the stomach produce: A) intrinsic factor B) gastrin C) hydrochloric acid D) more than one of the above
D
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. DCT 2. descending limb 3. glomerular capsule 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 D) 3, 2, 1, 6, 5, 4
D
Put the following events into the correct sequence: 1. fibrinogen -> fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin -> thrombin A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 1, 2
D
Respiratory control centers are located in the ___________. A) upper spinal cord and medulla B) midbrain and medulla C) pons and midbrain D) medulla and pons
D
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) the most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease B) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition C) hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children D) the causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins found on helper T cells
D
The __________ contains indentations (lined with secretory cells) that lead to the formation of chyme. A) spleen B) pancreas C) liver D) stomach
D
The cells in the distal convoluted tubule respond to: A) changes in pressure in the tubule B) changes in hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate C) antidiuretic hormone D) aldosterone
D
The epithelial membrane called the mucosa: A) secretes mucus B) absorbs the end products of digestion into the body C) protects against infectious disease D) all of the above are correct
D
The liver is connected to the intestines by a portal vein in order to: A) allow bile to enter the duodenum B) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract C) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low D) allow the liver to process materials absorbed in the intestines
D
The lymphatic vessels and the veins have a lot in common. Which of the following is correct for how these vessels move fluids? A) they both rely on the vessels themselves contracting B) they use the higher pressure in the thoracic cavity to push fluid along C) the pumping action of the heart will help them both D) the presence of one way valves helps move fluid the right direction
D
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______________. A) increased O2 levels B) pH (alkalosis) C) loss of oxygen in tissues D) lower pH in cerebrospinal fluid
D
The nose serves all of the following functions except ___________. A) as a passageway for air movement B) cleansing the air C) warming and humidifying the air D) as the initiator of the cough reflex
D
The platelet release reaction involves all of the following except: A) release of thromboxane A2 B) release of serotonin C) release of ADP D) all of these are involved
D
The vessels that help bypass a closed capillary bed are called: A) muscular arteries B) venules C) arterioles D) arteriovenous anastomoses
D
There are many pressure changes during the cardiac cycle. Which valve will close as ventricular pressure increases? A) tricuspid valve B) bicuspid valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) more than one of the above
D
Veins are one of the important passages for blood through our bodies. Which of the following is the most accurate about veins? A) all carry blood away from the heart B) only large veins are lined with endothelium C) all carry oxygenated blood to the heart D) may contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood
D
When Mr. Walker is at rest, where might he be able to find about 70% of his blood? A) aorta artery B) capillaries C) interstitial fluid D) veins
D
When the lymphatic vessels are blocked due to parasitic infections, the result is: A) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage B) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region C) shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph D) severe localized edema (swelling) distal to the blockage
D
When watching House and seeing the EKG of one of his ill patients (but with a healthy heart), you are all noticing which of the following? A) that the P wave is larger than the QRS B) that the P wave will always follow the QRS directly C) that the P wave is present only in patients who have had a heart attack D) that the QRS is indicating ventricular depolarization
D
When you hear your 2 major heart sounds you really are hearing the: A) friction of blood against the chamber walls B) excitation of the SA node C) contraction of ventricular muscle D) closure of the heart valves
D
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the valves of the heart? A) semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart B) the tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle C) the mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle D) the valves allow pumps to use more force since they prevent backflow
D
Which of the following substances would be lacking if Mr. Walker was having problems with his blood osmolarity and keeping water in his blood vessels? A) clotting proteins such as fibrinogen B) bile C) globulin proteins D) albumins
D
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and altering blood flow? A) tunica adventitia B) tunica externa C) tunica interna (intima) D) tunica media
D
With regard to the regulation of blood pressure in everyday life, which of the following is accurate? A) the renin-angiotensin system will result in vasoconstriction and an increase in blood volume B) antidiuretic hormone release will result in vasoconstriction and an increase in blood volume C) the baroreceptor reflex will result in vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate D) these are all very good answers
D
these cells line the heart and are continuous with the endothelium
endocardium
the outermost serous membrane covering the heart itself
epicardium
Cardiovascular and which other system maintains normal body temperature?
integumentary system
Expiratory reserve volume
lower middle portion
Inspiratory reserve volume
top of the wave
