Anatomy & Physiology Lecture - Chapter 8
4 Types of Structural Classification
1) Bony fusion 2) Fibrous Joints 3) Cartilaginous Joints 4) Synovial Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
1) Gliding Joint 2) Hinge Joint 3) Pivot Joint 4) Ellipsoidal Joint 5) Saddle Joint 6) Ball and Socket Joint
4 Types of Synarthrotic Joints
1) Sutures 2) Gomphoses 3) Synchondroses 4) Synostoses
3 Types of Functional Classification
1) Synarthrosis 2) Amphiarthrosis 3) Diarthrosis
2 Types of Amphiarthrotic Joints
1) Syndesmosis 2) Symphysis
Rotation
Allows head to turn from side to side to indicate "no"; also in proximal end of ulna and radius
Supination
Allows palms to be turned anteriorly facing upward
Pronation
Allows palms to be turned posteriorly facing downward
Functional Classification
Amount of movement permitted or range of motion permitted
Structural Classification
Anatomical organization of joints; based on major connective tissue that binds bones together
Lateral Rotation
Anterior surface of bone moves away from midline
Medial Rotation
Anterior surface of bone moves toward midline
Synovial Joints
Bone forming joint with articular capsule, synovial membrane, and joint cavity
Syndesmosis
Bones connected by a ligament; Fibrous Joint; (Ex: Found in distal articulation between Tibia and Fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity
Fibrous Joints
Bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
Sutures
Bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue; found between the bones of the skull; (Ex: coronal suture)
Symphysis
Cartilaginous Joint; (Ex: Between vertebrae/pubic symphysis)
Synchondroses
Cartilaginous joint; found between epiphysis and diaphysis; (Ex: Epiphyseal plate)
Bony Fusion
Complete fusion of bone across suture lines
Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
Hinge Joint
Convex surface of bone fits into concave concave surface of another bone (Ex: Knee, elbow, ankle)
Flexion
Decreases angle between articulating bones
Plantar Flexion
Extension of ankle joint; elevation of ankle
Gomphoses
Fibrous Joint; binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillary bone and mandible (alveolar process)
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of ankle joint; Elevation of sole
Diarthrosis
Freely movable; Synovial Joint
Synarthrosis
Immovable Joint
Synostoses
Immovable Joint; Created when two bones fuse to point where boundary disappears; found along the epiphyseal lines of mature bones
Extension
Increases angle between articulating bones
Circumduction
Movement of arm in a loop (like when drawing a circle)
Abduction
Movement of bone away from body's midline
Adduction
Movement of bone toward body's midline
Inversion
Movement of sole inward
Eversion
Movement of sole outward
Opposition
Movement of thumb towards surface of palm
Protraction
Moving part of body anteriorly
Retraction
Moving part of body posteriorly
Lateral Flexion
Moving vertebral column to the side
Saddle Joint
One bone is saddle shaped and other bone is shaped like rider sitting in saddle (Ex: First carpometacarpal joint)
Gliding Joint
Only side to side or back and forth movements are permitted; (Ex: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints)
Ellipsoidal Joint
Oval shaped condyle of one bone, fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone (Ex: radiocarpal joint, metatarsalphalangeal joints)
Synovial
Permits wide range of motion; found at the ends of long bones; may also contain menisci and fat pads (Ex: hip, and knee)
Pivot Joint
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament; primary movement is rotational (Ex: Atlas rotates around dens of axis)
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
Elevation
Structure move superiorly
Depression
Structure moves inferiorly
One Type of Diarthrotic Joint
Synovial
Ball and Socket Joint
ball-like surface of one bone is fitted into a cup-like depression of another bone (Ex: shoulder and hip joints