Anatomy & Physiology Lecture - Chapter 8

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4 Types of Structural Classification

1) Bony fusion 2) Fibrous Joints 3) Cartilaginous Joints 4) Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial Joints

1) Gliding Joint 2) Hinge Joint 3) Pivot Joint 4) Ellipsoidal Joint 5) Saddle Joint 6) Ball and Socket Joint

4 Types of Synarthrotic Joints

1) Sutures 2) Gomphoses 3) Synchondroses 4) Synostoses

3 Types of Functional Classification

1) Synarthrosis 2) Amphiarthrosis 3) Diarthrosis

2 Types of Amphiarthrotic Joints

1) Syndesmosis 2) Symphysis

Rotation

Allows head to turn from side to side to indicate "no"; also in proximal end of ulna and radius

Supination

Allows palms to be turned anteriorly facing upward

Pronation

Allows palms to be turned posteriorly facing downward

Functional Classification

Amount of movement permitted or range of motion permitted

Structural Classification

Anatomical organization of joints; based on major connective tissue that binds bones together

Lateral Rotation

Anterior surface of bone moves away from midline

Medial Rotation

Anterior surface of bone moves toward midline

Synovial Joints

Bone forming joint with articular capsule, synovial membrane, and joint cavity

Syndesmosis

Bones connected by a ligament; Fibrous Joint; (Ex: Found in distal articulation between Tibia and Fibula

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity

Fibrous Joints

Bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity

Sutures

Bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue; found between the bones of the skull; (Ex: coronal suture)

Symphysis

Cartilaginous Joint; (Ex: Between vertebrae/pubic symphysis)

Synchondroses

Cartilaginous joint; found between epiphysis and diaphysis; (Ex: Epiphyseal plate)

Bony Fusion

Complete fusion of bone across suture lines

Hyperextension

Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position

Hinge Joint

Convex surface of bone fits into concave concave surface of another bone (Ex: Knee, elbow, ankle)

Flexion

Decreases angle between articulating bones

Plantar Flexion

Extension of ankle joint; elevation of ankle

Gomphoses

Fibrous Joint; binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillary bone and mandible (alveolar process)

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of ankle joint; Elevation of sole

Diarthrosis

Freely movable; Synovial Joint

Synarthrosis

Immovable Joint

Synostoses

Immovable Joint; Created when two bones fuse to point where boundary disappears; found along the epiphyseal lines of mature bones

Extension

Increases angle between articulating bones

Circumduction

Movement of arm in a loop (like when drawing a circle)

Abduction

Movement of bone away from body's midline

Adduction

Movement of bone toward body's midline

Inversion

Movement of sole inward

Eversion

Movement of sole outward

Opposition

Movement of thumb towards surface of palm

Protraction

Moving part of body anteriorly

Retraction

Moving part of body posteriorly

Lateral Flexion

Moving vertebral column to the side

Saddle Joint

One bone is saddle shaped and other bone is shaped like rider sitting in saddle (Ex: First carpometacarpal joint)

Gliding Joint

Only side to side or back and forth movements are permitted; (Ex: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints)

Ellipsoidal Joint

Oval shaped condyle of one bone, fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone (Ex: radiocarpal joint, metatarsalphalangeal joints)

Synovial

Permits wide range of motion; found at the ends of long bones; may also contain menisci and fat pads (Ex: hip, and knee)

Pivot Joint

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament; primary movement is rotational (Ex: Atlas rotates around dens of axis)

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint

Elevation

Structure move superiorly

Depression

Structure moves inferiorly

One Type of Diarthrotic Joint

Synovial

Ball and Socket Joint

ball-like surface of one bone is fitted into a cup-like depression of another bone (Ex: shoulder and hip joints


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