Anatomy and Physiology Module 1
Hypocalcemia
an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
pH 7-14
basic
All life is made of cells.
cell theory (true)
The central shaft of a long bone where elongation occurs
diaphysis
What is located superiorly and laterally to the neck of the femur
greater trochanter
What are the three parts of the ribs
head, neck, and shaft
the inner and outermost layers of the nuclear envelope are covered by this
phospholipid bilayers
When you put a ring on your finger, which phalange is it on?
proximal phalange
Gross Anatomy
study of large, easily observable structures
Microscopic Anatomy
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
What are the two main causes of protein denaturation
temperature and pH
Gomphoses
the joint that connects teeth to the maxillary and mandibular boney teeth socket
The sacrum is fused.
true
What number phalange would your pinky be?
5
number of bones in the palm of the hand
5
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant
A, B, C, D
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of this type of cell transport.
Active Transport
What prevents large pH changes in the body?
Buffers
Which is closer to the spine L6 or C6
C6
What type of classification applies to the join shown in the graphic below?
Gomphoses
H
Hypogastric Region
An opening in the vertebrae and allows access to the spinal cord for nerves and vessels.
Intervertebral foramina
John loves to drink milk, but he knows it gives him a stomachache. He remembers from anatomy class that there is a certain type of sugar in milk. He thinks he could be allergic to it. What type of sugar is found in milk?
Lactose
What is a copy of DNA converted into?
RNA
Which is NOT an example of how the integumentary system maintains normal body temperatures?
The body shivers when it is hot.
What happens to hydrogen bonds during protein denaturation?
They break up
This body plane divides the body into upper and lower portions.
Transverse Plane
E
Umbilical Region
A concave structure that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint is called the __________.
acetabulum
This hip socket is a concave structure in the pelvic girdle that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
acetabulum
What is the name of the hip socket
acetabulum
Organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
pH 0-7
acid
This part of the clavicle articulates with most of the ribs
body
What bones form the heel
calcaneous
This is the proper name for the shoulder joint.
glenohumeral joint
The bones in the palm of the hand
metacarpals
Fluid inside the nucleus
nucleoplasm
Usually the most prominent organelle in a cell
nucleus
concentric lamellae
rings of calcified extracellular matrix that surround the central canal. They function to resist torsion (twisting) forces on the bone.
These are carpal bones.
scaphoid, lunate
What is another name for the scapula
shoulder blade
Gross anatomy
study of large, easily viewable structures
How many bones comprise the pectoral girdle
two: clavicle and scapula
Which digit does not have an intermediate phalange
1 (the thumb)
These are functions of the skeletal system.
1) body support and organ protection 2) endocrine regulation 3) blood cell production 4) calcium storage
Surface markings vary and are described by these classifications.
1) projections 2) articulations 3) holes
The human body is made up of ___ (number) important organ systems.
11
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine
12
Molecule
A particle made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
This body plane divides the body into front and back portions.
Coronal Plane
A, B, C, D
Frontal, Nasal, Otic, Oral
Water's ability to maintain body temperature, sweat, provide support and cession for tissues and organs
High heat capacity, high heat vaporization, protection
This bone marking is an opening, or groove.
Hole
Consists of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
Muscular System
S, T, U, V
Orbital, Buccal, Mental, Mammary
Which feature best characterizes a synovial joint?
Presence of a joint cavity
(Match the regional terms to the letter) N, O, P, Q
Pubic, Patellar, Crural, Tarsal
This bone helps to protect the heart and lungs.
Sternum
Principle of complemenarity
Structure determines function
What is released from Sudoriferous glands?
Sweat
The big toe has these phalanges.
1) proximal phalange 2) distal phalange
These bones are part of the five different bone shapes.
1) sesamoid bones 2) long bones 3) flat bones 4) short bones
From top left to right
1) simple squamous epithelium 2) stratified squamous epithelium 3) simple cuboidal epithelium 4) stratified cuboidal epithelium 5) simple columnar epithelium 6) stratified columnar epithelium 7) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
These structures describe parts of the ulna bone.
1) styloid process 2) olecranon process
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organismal level
hydrogen bond
2 hydrogen (positive charge), 1 oxygen (negative charge)
What is water composed of?
2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen
2, 3, 4, 5
2) Receptor detects the change 3) Receptor send information to the control center along the afferent pathway (input) Control Center) Control Center determines the set point at which the must be maintained, analyzes the input, and determines an appropriate response 4) Information is sent from the control center through the efferent pathway to the effector (output) 5) the effector carries out the control center's response to the stimulus, and returns the variable to the correct homeostatic level.
How many vertebrae are there?
33
How many borders does the scapula have?
3: Superior. Medial. Lateral.
How many layers are found in thin skin?
4
What number metacarpal would your ring finger be?
4
How many metacarpal bones are there in each hand?
5
How many vertebrae are there in the cervical spine
7
How many carpals are in each hand?
8
Number of bones in the wrist
8
calcitonin
A hormone released by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels
E, F, G
Abdominal Cavity, Diaphragm, Pelvic Cavity
The tendon that attaches to the calcaneus is called the __________.
Achilles Tendon
The clavicle attaches to the acromion process of the scapula forming this joint
Acromioclavicular joint
What is ATP composed of?
Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
Which of the following is not a major source of protein?
Apples
This bone marking is where two bone surfaces come together.
Articulation
Atoms to Biosphere
Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, and Biosphere
What or the major functions of connective tissues
Binding, supporting, protecting, insulating, restoring reserve fuel, and transporting substances within the body
The Achilles tendon attaches to this bone surface marking on the calcaneus.
Calcaneus Tuberosity
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and other blood vessels
Cardiovascular System
The joints between the manubrium and body of the sternum & the intervertebral discs are classified as which type of joint?
Cartilaginous; symphyses
A red blood cell is an example of this.
Cell
Name the three main parts of the neuron.
Cell body, dendrites, axon
Which of the following is not a function of lipids?
Cell structure support
Which type of carbohydrate is not digestible by humans?
Cellulose
This substance contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol
Which fibers consist of the most common structural proteins that are tough and pliable and provide strength to the matrix?
Collagen Fibers
What type of body plane is this?
Coronal Plane
What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
Cortical, trabecular
These are the shapes to describe epithelial tissue.
Cuboidal, Columnar, and Squamous
Which type of membrane serves as a waterproof barrier?
Cutaneous membrane
Which is a component of anatomical study?
Cutting a cross section through the stomach to observe folds
Combines two molecules by removing water
Dehydrated reaction
Glucose and fructose are combined to create sucrose. Water is lost during this chemical reaction. What is the name of the reaction taking place?
Dehydration synthesis
(Match the word(s) to the term directional, regional, plane, or cavity) Superficial, Abdominal, Sagittal, and Pleural Cavity
Directional Term, Cavity, Plane, Cavity
Describe how protein denaturation affects the function of an enzyme, including one example of how this can affect how the body functions.
During protein denaturation, the hydrogen bonds are broken up which changes the stucture of the enzyme. This cuases the enzyme to loose its function, which can affect the body's digestive system.
Name the part of the hair that extends out of the skin.
Hair shaft
Which pigment is oxygen-dependent?
Hemoglobin
Which joint is best described as the cylindrical end of one bone fitting into a trough-like structure on the other bone?
Hinge joint
This reaction breaks down two molecules by adding water
Hydrolysis reaction
Works closely with the cardiovascular system to assist veins in recovering body tissue fluids and returning them back to the heart
Immune/Lymphatic System
What is the directional term used for A and B?
Lateral
F
Left Lumbar Region
Homeostasis
Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions even though the internal and external conditions are constantly changing
These bones of the foot are labeled in the order of the most medial bone to the most lateral bone in the foot.
Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid
What classification applies to the joint of the hip?
Multiaxial ball & socket joint
Check all that apply. These are somatic cells.
Muscle, Bone, Skin
Controls the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA into the nucleus
Nuclear pores
Which part of the bone tissue is in this image?
Osteoclast
Name the two layers of the dermis.
Papillary and reticular
The bones of the hand consist of these parts:
Phalanges, Metacarpals, Carpals
(Match the body cavity term to the the letter labeled in the diagram below) E, F, G, H
Pleural Cavity, Pericardial Cavity, Diaphragm, Abdominal Cavity
Describe positive feedback mechanisms.
Positive feedback mechanisms is receiving a stimulus and amplifying it through cascading events. Examples of positive feedback mechanisms include labor and blood clotting.
These are the three essential concepts of A&P:
Principle of Complementarity, Hierarchy of Structural Organization, Process of Homeostasis
This bone marking projects above the surface of a bone.
Projection
What directional term is located at E?
Proximal
This epithelial shape has "false" layers of cells with non-uniform shapes and sizes.
Pseudostratified
Which is a component of physiological study?
Quantifying the force of a muscle contraction
G
Right Inguinal Region
A, B, C, D
Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant
This body plane divides the body into left and right portions.
Sagittal Plane
Which muscle tissue is striated and multinucleated?
Skeletal Muscle
Consists of bones, ligaments, and joints
Skeletal System
What is the abnormal growth occurring on the skin cells caused by chronic UV radiation exposure?
Skin Cancer
Principles of Complementarity
Structure determines function
These are all considered directional terms
Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Distal, Proximal, Deep
The cell membrane controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, and oxygen in and out of the cell.
True
HH, II, JJ, KK
Vertebral, Lumbar, Sacral, Gluteal
bone deposition
action of osteoblasts stimulated by calcitonin tsking the calicum from the blood stream and putting it on the bone
Name the molecule that protein is broken down into.
amino acids
Hypercalcemia
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
____ is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.
anatomy
These processes interact with each other to make the spine more stable
articular processes (superior and inferior)
Which of the following is in the correct order of hierarchy of structural organization?
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Examples of connective tissue
blood and bone
What part of the calcaneus forms the attachment point for the Achilles tendon
calcaneus tuberosity
The bones in the wrist
carpals
What are the 3 components of connective tissues
cells, fibers, ground substance
What are the three types of fibers within the extracellular matrix
collagen, elastic, reticular
What is the layman's term for the clavicle
collar bone
circumferential lamellae
concentric rings of matrix that surround the entire bone perimeter (circumference). They are located just deep to the periosteum
cartilaginous joints
connected by a bar pf either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage but do not contain a joint capsule. Functionally classified as amphiarthrosis, they allow more movement then fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints
Two parietal bones come together to form this suture.
coronal suture
What directional term is located at D?
distal
The nail of a finger is on which phalange?
distal phalange
What speeds up chemical reactions?
enzymes
the ends of long bones that are covered in cartilage
epiphysis
This word means "outside the cell."
extracellular
Longest bone in the body
femur
The major bone located in the thigh is the __________.
femur
what replaces the damaged tissue with scar tissue
fibrosis
syndesmosis joint
fibrous joint found between long bones of the body connected by an interosseous ligament or interosseous membrane
This lower leg bone is mainly an attachment site for muscles and doesn't bear much weight.
fibula
This type of rib has no anterior attachment.
floating rib
What type of rib has no anterior attachment?
floating rib (false rib)
synovial joints
freely movable joints, most common. Functionally classified as diarthrosis. The bones involved are connected by dense irregular tissue forming a joint capsule surrounding the bones articulation surface
Divides the body into front and back portions
frontal (coronal) plane
the clear, molecular, viscous solution allows substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells
ground substance
What two substances make up the extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
The _____ contains vital blood supplies and nerve cells throughout the bone.
haversian canal
What part of the rib attaches to the vertebrae
head
fibrous joints
held together by fibrous connective tissue of varying thickness, consists mainly of collagen fibers and does not contain a joint capsule
This term refers to the creation of red blood cells.
hematopoiesis
These types of structures are involved in blood production.
hematopoietic
organism
highest level of structural organization
What type of cartilage covers the epiphysis of a long bone
hyaline cartilage
sutures
immovable joints of the skull
synarthroses
immovable joints; joints that are typically interlocked with irregular edges
what produces redness, heat, and swelling to the affected site
inflammation
What is located between the two condyles on the femur
intercondylar fossa
What part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle and first pair of the ribs?
manubrium
What are the three parts of the sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
The inner core of a bone, where bone marrow is
medullary cavity
This is the inner core of a bone where the bone marrow is.
medullary cavity
pH 7
neutral
This type of cell is responsible for the reabsorption of bone.
osteoclasts
What does extracellular mean?
outside the cell
What are the two main causes of protein denaturation?
pH and temperature
parathyroid glands are stimulated to release what
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is another name for the shoulder girdle
pectoral girdle
Types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Synchondroses
primary cartilaginous joints connected by hyaline cartilage
What is the correct order of phases in mitosis (cell division)?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What changes the protein structure and function
protein denaturation
The __________ is a cartilaginous joint which is located anteriorly between the two pubic bones.
pubic symphysis
What is the anatomical term for where the pubic bones join anteriorly
pubic symphysis
This type of bone marrow is used in red blood cell production.
red
What replaces the damaged tissues with the same cell
regeneration
interstitial lamellae
remnants of old osteons that have been cut through by remodeling. The fill in the gaps between new osteons and function provide strength
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
run perpendicular to the central canal. They are the communicating pathways from outside to inside of the bone
divides body into left and right portions
sagittal plane
Sympheses
secondary cartilaginous joints consists of two bone ends (covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage) and an additional layer of fibrocartilage between them
Cell
smallest unit of life
Atoms
smallest unit of matter
This process is a major attachment site for muscles and ligaments; they project posteriorly from the spine
spinous processes
Histology
study of tissues
This joint, the only non-sutured joint in the skull, allows the jaw to move.
temporomandibular Joint
What part of the skeleton would the hand be a part of?
the appendicular skeleton
The three parts of the ischium are ____________.
the body, superior rami, and inferior rami
Central (Haversian) Canal
the central canal of each osteon that runs down the long axis of the bone
What bones play a key role in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the foot (that's the arch on the medial side of your foot)
the navicular bone
Bone reobsorption
the osteoclasts (bone dissolvers) take the calcium from the bone and put it into the blood stream
Osteon
the structural unit of compact bone tissue
Anatomy
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
What are the two lower leg bones?
tibia and fibula
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
transverse plane
These processes articulate with the ribs and serve as a major attachment site for muscles and ligaments
transverse processes
The intercondylar fossa is located between the two condyles on the femur and significantly strengthens the knee joint.
true
The patella is a sesamoid bone that is also known as the knee cap.
true
The pubic bone, ischium, and ilium contribute to the acetabulum.
true
The sacrum and coccyx are fused
true
The skull is comprised of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
true
The most inferior part of the sternum is this bone.
xiphoid process