Anatomy and Physiology

The fluid outside of a cell is called __________

extracellular fluid

An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________.

active site

The study of normal body structures is called __________

anatomy

Negative feedback loops are __________

homeostatic mechanisms

Muscle cells contain numerous __________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

mitochondria

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.

ransitional; stratified squamous

Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

simple cubiodial

Precise spelling is important in anatomy because __________.

there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? Reticular tissue Hyaline cartilage Correct Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Areolar tissue

Hyaline cartilage

hich of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell? Nucleus Plasma membrane Interstitial fluid

Interstitial fluid

__________ is the substrate of __________.

Lactose; lactase

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration? Lemon juice, pH = 2.3 Correct Red wine, pH = 3.2 Tomato juice, pH = 4.7 Saliva, pH = 6.6 Household ammonia, pH = 10.8

Lemon Juice ph= 2.3

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?

Lysosome

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

Negative Feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________

Negative Feedback

Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle Correct Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

Positive Feedback

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

Protein synthesis

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation? Age Gender Environment Physical activity These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Which of these is an example of active transport? Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration Facilitated diffusion of K+ Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration Correct Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

Which of the following is not a function of the Na+-K+ pump?

Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell

The appendicular region consists of the head, neck and trunk.

True

The cranial cavity contains the brain.

True

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are each lined with ___________

a serous membrane

Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position? Arms at sides Standing upright Face and eyes facing forward Feet flat on the floor Palms facing hips

answer: palms facing hips

The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column.

anterior

__________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

areolar tissue

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) __________.

buffer

Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus? Auscultation PET scan MRI Sonography Correct Radiography

correct: sonography

Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of

dynamic constancy

The __________ gives rise to the __________.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

An integrating center sends information to a(n)

effector

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________.

elastic cartilage

Hypercalcemia means _________.

elevated calcium levels in blood

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue.

epithelial

The process by which cells secrete cellular products into the extracellular environment is

exocytosis

Adult stem cells are usually pluripoten

false

Which of these is hydrophobic? Glucose K+ Cl- Water Fat

fat

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called _________.

fibrosis

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________tissue.

fibrous

The plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called the __________ plane.

frontal

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.

goblet

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.

gradient

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

high; low

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________

hyper extensible joints

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells.

hypertrophy

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) __________

hypothesis

In positive feedback mechanisms, the action of an effector is

increased

A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.

isotonic; 0.9%

The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.

mesoderm; mesenchyme

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.

microvilli

Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?

mitochondrion

Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

mucous; serous

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________.

neuroglia

Cellular membranes are permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________.

nutrients; proteins

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________.

osmolarity; tonicity

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________

osmosis; aquaporin

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________.

palpation; percussion

_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.

peroxisomes

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of __________.

phagocytosis

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.

phospholipids

The study of how the body functions is called __________.

physiology

All enzymes are __________.

proteins

ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.

pumps

Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________.

receptor; integrating (control) center; effector

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________

receptors

The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.

selectively permeable

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.

specificity

The only flagellated cells in humans are

sperm

Skeletal muscle is described as __________.

striated and voluntary

Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________.

symport; cotransport

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in __________.

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?

the cytoskeleton

Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge? A fact A law of nature A hypothesis An equation A theory

theory

The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity.

thoracic; cranial

A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function

tissue

Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.

totipotent

Blood functions to __________________

transport nutrients to the tissues

Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback since the action of the effector amplifies that of the stimulus.

true

Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.

true

Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original deviation from norma

true

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.

up; active transport

The ______ wraps around the stomach, small intestine, and parts of the large intestine

visceral peritoneum

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

Cells

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group.

Control

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.

Homeostasis

Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin.

False

The frontal plane passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left portions.

False

The liver is proximal to the diaphragm

False

__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella; cilia; microvilli

Modern anatomical language is based on _____ and _____ because individuals speaking these languages made most of the early anatomical discoveries.

Greek; latin