Anatomy & Physiology test 2

Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs from fully expanding due to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy: 1) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary function would be true? 2) Explain your answer. A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low B. Vital capacity would abnormally high C. Total lung capacity would remain the same

1) A: Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low 2) Why? Because if we person has Muscular dystrophy and is a neuromuscular disease which can restrict the lungs from fully expanding due to muscular weakness then it makes sense that the individual is unable to draw a normal amount of air into their lungs from this disease making the answer be "Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low ".

The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work.

110 mmHG 1atm= 760 mmHg 300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg OR: 760 - 300-350= 110 mmHG

From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles

A. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

Which one of the following is not true of the respiratory physiology? A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation B. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing C. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation D. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation

A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation

. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C.

B. Nasopharynx

In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli

B. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations? (You may find it helpful to draw the respiratory physiology diagram on a piece of scratch paper.) A. Vital Capacity (VC) = ERV+TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+RV D. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = IRV + TV

B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV

Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one? A. cilia B. layers C. tall, narrow cells D. mucus producing cells E. goblet cells

B. layers

2. A premature baby and is having difficulty producing surfactant. Explain what problems may occur and why.

Breathing difficulty (respiratory distress) is likely to occur. Surfactant covers the luminal surface and keeps the alveoli from sticking together (or collapsing) during exhalation.

The purpose of these cells are the primary immune defense of the alveoli: A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Surfactant D. Alveolar macrophages

D. Alveolar macrophages

Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found? A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchioles D. Alveoli

D. Alveoli

During exhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs.

False

The bronchioles are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange.

False

The fossae is another name for the pleural cavities.

False

Typical respiratory epithelium contains cells where only some of the pseudostratified columnar cells touch the basement membrane.

False -all pseudostratified cells touch the basement membrane.

The vestibule is lined with typical respiratory epithelium.

False- stratified squamous epithelium is found in the vestibule.

Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange.

Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange.

Boyle's law states that gas volume is A. Directly proportional to temperature B. Inversely proportional to temperature C. Directly proportional to pressure D. Inversely proportional to pressure E. Both A and B

Inversely proportional to pressure

Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange?

It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange.

Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli? A. Macrophages B. Type 1 alveolar cells C. Type 2 alveolar cells D. Erythrocytes E. Ciliated columnar cells

Macrophages

Matching: A. Emphysema B. Cystic Fibrosis C. Pulmonary edema D. Pleurisy The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. This condition results in a loss of alveoli. This hereditary illness results in excess mucus.

The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. D. Pleurisy This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. C. Pulmonary edema This condition results in a loss of alveoli. A. Emphysema This hereditary illness results in excess mucus. B. Cystic Fibrosis

Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?

The trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea. This is to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs.

How many lobes does the right human lung have?

Three Lobes

As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases.

True

During inhalation the rib cage lifts in an upward motion to open and expand the lungs.

True

The vestibule is the most external portion of the nasal cavity.

True

When the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and air naturally flows out of the lungs.

True

Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs.

true