Anatomy Ch. 15- Autonomic Nervous System
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the ______.
-brainstem -lateral gray matter of S2-S4
Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ______.
-middle cervical ganglion -inferior cervical ganglion
Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?
-sweat glands of the head -smooth muscles in blood vessels of the neck -dilator pupillae muscle of the eye
Correctly match the region of the central nervous system that influences autonomic function with its corresponding letter.
A- Cerebrum B- Hypothalamus C- Brainstem D- Spinal Cord
Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the somatic nervous system.
A- Sensory recepter in skin B-Posterior root ganglion C-Anterior root D-Somatic motor neuron
Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the autonomic nervous system.
A- visceral sensory neuron B- posterior root ganglion C- preganglionic autonomic motor neuron D- autonomic ganglion E- ganglionic autonomic motor neuron
Match the cranial nerve to its proper location on the figure of parasympathetic pathways.
A-Oculomotor B-Facial C- Glossopharyngeal D-Vagus
The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called ____ ____.
Blank 1: autonomic or dual Blank 2: tone or innervation
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is the ____ ____ ganglion.
Blank 1: inferior Blank 2: mesenteric
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the ____ ____ ganglion.
Blank 1: superior Blank 2: mesenteric
The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the ____ ____ ganglion
Blank 1: superior Blank 2: mesenteric
Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the ____ ____ on the anterolateral surface of the ____.
Blank 1: vertebral Blank 2: column Blank 3: aorta
True or false: Two different effectors are targeted by the two branches of the ANS in order to control heart rate.
False
The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.
S2 to S4
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ______ to ______.
T1; L2
Prevertebral ganglia are only located within the ______.
abdominopelvic cavity
Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.
adrenergic
The ____ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ____ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
alpha beta
Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ____, opposing each other to produce different results.
antagonistic
The sympathetic nervous system causes airways in the lungs to widen, while the parasympathetic nervous system causes them to narrow. This is an example of ______ effects of dual innervation.
antagonistic
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.
anterior roots
Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ______ plexuses.
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of ____ or visceral reflexes.
autonomic
Which of the following works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions?
autonomic nervous system
The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the ____ nervous system
autonomic, parasympathetic, or visceral
Which autonomic effector is innervated by only the sympathetic division?
blood vessels
Autonomic nervous system functions are regulated by the hypothalamus, which controls autonomic nervous system regions in the ______.
brainstem and spinal cord
Postganglionic axons from the ____ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.
celiac
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ____ ganglion.
celiac
The most superior of the the prevertebral ganglia is the ____ ganglion
celiac
The sympathetic ganglion indicated by the letter A is the ______ ganglion.
celiac
The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the ______.
celiac ganglion
Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______.
cholinergic
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?
ciliary muscle
Fill in the blank question. In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ____ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.
constrict
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allows it to be also known as the ______ division.
craniosacral
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to ______.
decrease
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.
decrease in diameter
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
facial (CN VII) vagus (CN X) oculomotor (CN III)
True or false: Changes in an autonomic tone typically involve one branch of the autonomic nervous system ceasing activity and the other increasing activity.
false
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk ____ making up the "pearls".
ganglia or ganglion
The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic axons from which cranial nerve?
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______.
gray rami communicantes
Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the ____ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.
grey
Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus brainstem spinal cord
Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion causes the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to ______.
increase secretion
The lumbar splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.
inferior mesenteric ganglion
Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?
kidneys proximal ureters small intestine
This area of the gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
lateral horn
Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the CNS?
lateral horns of T1-L2
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ____ accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
lens
Which are cholinergic receptors?
muscarinic nicotinic
White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are ____.
myelinated
The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______.
norepinephrine
Antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ______ effects.
opposite
Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.
organs
Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
otic ganglion
The vagus nerve innervates the ______.
ovaries and testes
During times of relaxation, the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.
parasympathetic
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.
parasympathetic
The neuron in the figure labeled A belongs to the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
parasympathetic
Which type of stimulation slows down the heart rate?
parasympathetic
Most visceral effectors have dual innervation, meaning they are innervated by the ______.
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS
The salivary gland that receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is the ____ salivary gland.
parotid
Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
parotid salivary gland
The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the ______.
pelvic splanchnic nerves
The postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ in a/an ______.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Which type of sympathetic pathway is shown in the picture?
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
preganglionic
Which neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the lateral gray horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord?
preganglionic
Where do the splanchnic nerves typically terminate?
prevertebral ganglia
Which autonomic ganglion provides postganglionic axons to the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate?
pterygopalatine ganglion
What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
rami communicantes
The subdivisions of the motor nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system.
somatic autonomic
The white rami communicantes connect the ____ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
spinal
Which sympathetic pathway is being used if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion and the postganglionic axon travels through a gray ramus at the same "level" as the ganglionic neuron?
spinal nerve pathway
Which type of sympathetic pathway is shown in the figure?
spinal nerve pathway
Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
splanchnic nerves
Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
spleen liver stomach
Parasympathetic innervation ______ gland secretions of the GI tract.
stimulates
The ganglion that supplies postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to increase their secretions is the ____ ganglion.
submandibular
Postganglionic axons from which autonomic ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth?
submandibular ganglion
Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?
superior cervical ganglion
Postganglionic axons from the ____ ____ ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the ureters.
superior mesenteric
The ganglion indicated by the letter A in the picture is the ______ ganglion.
superior mesenteric
The lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.
superior mesenteric ganglion
The neuron in the picture labeled A belongs to the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic
Which division of the ANS functions to maintain homeostasis during times of stress?
sympathetic division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?
sympathetic division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?
sympathetic division
Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?
sympathetic postganglionic axons
The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called ____ knobs.
synaptic
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division.
thoracolumbar
Which region contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?
thorax
What is the basic function of the autonomic nervous system?
to maintain homeostasis
Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?
vagus (CN X)
The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.
vertebral column
Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the ______.
white rami communicantes
Which are types of adrenergic receptors?
β2 α1