anatomy ch 17-20
A sperm cell needs to pass through several layers/structures in order to fertilize a secondary oocyte. What is the correct order of these layers?
Corona radiata → zona pellucida → oocyte cell membrane
Which of the following stages of development of the follicle is a stage where the follicle produces Estrogen and Progesterone to maintain the uterus' endometrium for a potential fetus?
Corpus Luteum
Select all the structures and processes below that would belong to the Adaptive Immune System
Cytotoxic T- Cells Memory Cells Antibodies Antigen Presenting Cells need to be present for this immune system to function
What is the effector of the micturition reflex?
Detrusor muscle
Which of the following describes normal movement about a synovial joint?
Diarthrotic
in the phosphate buffer system, which compound is the acid?
Dihydrogen phosphate
Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of __________.
LH
What is the probability for the possible phenotypes that result from the cross of two heterozygous parents (Aa and Aa)? (The A allele is for normal pigmentation, and the a allele is for albinism.)
75% normal pigmentation; 25% albino
In the bicarbonate buffer system, which compound is the base?
Bicarbonate ion
Which of the following is a buffer system that is the first line of defense for pH changes in the body fluids?
Bicarbonate, Phosphates, and Proteins
Which of the following is an action that cells will take in response to thyroid hormone stimulation?
Body cells increase their release of glucose and fatty acids to foster ATP production
By what mechanism do acid/base buffer systems minimize pH changes?
By converting strong acids to weak acids
Which of the following is the movement where you are moving a part of the joint away from the midline or away from the axial line of the limb (See picture for demonstration)
abduction
The __________ arteriole supplies blood to the capillaries of the glomerulus.
afferent
Each gene can have variations within its DNA sequence. These variants are called __________.
alleles
Which of the following is a structure you would expect to be in the "adaptive" immune system?
antibodies
Which of the following is the category of proteins that are "sticky", y-shaped, and float around in the blood plasma?
antibody
Which of the following is the category of proteins that occurs on the red blood cells' plasma membrane and determines blood type?
antigen
Which of the following is true of both hair and the epidermis growth?
as newly formed cells develop and grow, older cells are pushed toward the surface and undergo keratinization
Which of the following joints has the greatest (most diverse) range of movement?
ball and socket
The salt complex that makes up the lamella of compact bone is
calcium phosphate
Name the tubular portion of the uterus that extends downward into the upper part of the vagina.
cervix
During the process called __________, cells of the zygote undergo rapid division without increasing in size, becoming progressively smaller.
cleavage
What female structure is homologous to (i.e. corresponds to ) the male penis?
clitoris
Which of the following structures of the ear houses the receptors for hearing?
cochlea
As body cells increase their carbon-dioxide production, the pH of the blood will __________.
decrease
Before the hormone PTH (parathyroid hormone) is released, blood calcium levels are ___________ , which stimulates PTH release. The target cells for PTH are osteoclasts.
decrease
Glomerular Filtration Rate is regulated by many mechanisms; two of the mechanisms affect GFR by constricting the afferent arteriole. What effect does constricting the afferent arteriole have on GFR?
decreases
As a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure __________, and filtration __________.
decreases, decreases
A protein that is altered so that it cannot function correctly due to exposure to certain chemicals, heat, extremes of pH, electricity, or radiation is said to be
denatured
Which of the following cells of the ear have receptors responsible for hearing?
hair cells
What term describes a person with two identical variants (alleles) for a gene?
homozygous
During the early stages of pregnancy, the hormone __________ maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is established.
human chorionic gonadotropin
Which of the following is an example of Catabolism?
hydrolysis
The period of time during a muscle twitch that represents the time it takes for the neuron's signal as well as the SR's calcium to travel to the sarcomere is called the
latent period
Which of the following structures of the eye is responsible for adjusting for near and far vision?
lens
When particles attempt to enter the cell they first have to cross the cell (plasma) membrane, this membrane will act like a wall of
lipids
What are androgens?
male sex hormones
In a female, the __________ glands secrete milk.
mammary
Once stimulated, B-cells and T-cells will proliferate, sometimes forming _______ cells, which will remain dormant until the next exposure.
memory
What primary germ layer gives rise to the muscles and bones?
mesoderm
Muscle cells require more energy to function than cartilage cells. Knowing this information we can say that muscle cells will have more ____________ (organelle) than chondrocytes
mitochondria
When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce __________ gametes that are __________ in size.
more; smaller
This thick fluid secretion is produced by cells that line the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. This fluid is used to trap pathogens or particles so they do not reach the underlying tissues.
mucus
While attempting to repolarize, membranes tend to over-shoot their membrane potential correction and cause hyperpolarization. This hyperpolarization is a membrane potential that is more______ resting potential.
negatively charged
The head of a sperm consists mostly of __________.
nucleus
What sex chromosomes are found in normal male cells?
one X and one Y
Water reabsorption occurs throughout the proximal tubule by the passive process of __________.
osmosis
The cells responsible for removing bone tissue creating the medullary cavity are the
osteoclasts
The substance called __________, produced in the lungs, decreases surface tension and is needed for the newborn to be able to expand its lungs.
surfactant
What type of joint is immovable?
sutures
he primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the __________.
testes
If a person is lacking Acetylcholine receptors on their muscle, what can you expect as a response from the muscle to the the motor neuron's release of acetylcholine?
there will be no response to the muscle
Bones form by replacing connective tissues, which of the following is true of the formation of membranous bones?
they develop in the bones of the skull
Reflect on the hormone naming scheme for hypothalamic hormones. Which of the following is a hormone that you would expect the Hypothalamus to produce?
thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Copying of the information in DNA into RNA, which can exit the nucleus, is called
transcription
"Oxygen debt" is the amount of oxygen required to convert lactate (or lactic acid) to glucose in order to create new supplies of ATP.
true
Any factor that alters water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.
true
Bone tissues are well supplied with nutrients from blood vessels and so they repair and grow easily
true
Epithelial tissues do not have blood vessels, however they still readily reproduce.
true
Follicle-stimulating hormone causes a primordial follicle to start the maturation process.
true
Glomerular filtrate is nearly protein free.
true
In the small intestine amino acids cross the cellular membranes and are absorbed into the blood capillaries via active transport.
true
The Body's rate of metabolism is a main driver of breathing rate.
true
The fertilization of an egg occurs in the uterine tube.
true
The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen-ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are excreted.
true
The kidneys play an important role in the regulation of red-blood-cell production.
true
True or False: A Somatic reflex results in the contraction of Skeletal muscle.
true
True or False: Steroid hormones must use a carrier protein to travel through the blood to their target cells
true
True or False: The difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands is that Exocrine glands release their secretions outside the body, whereas the Endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood
true
True/False: The hormone GnRH is inhibited when the hormones progesterone and estrogen are secreted
true
Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristaltic waves.
true
Urine pH is affected by diet; specifically eating fruits and veggies will make the pH less acidic.
true
What blood vessel carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?
umbilical vein
A(n) __________ transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
ureter
Where are the stretch receptors of the micturition reflex located?
urinary bladder
By what means would a person in a moderate environment (temp. of 60-70oF with low humidity) lose the greatest amount of water?
urination
The large intestine is responsible for absorbing which of the following nutrients?
water and electrolytes
Anatomically, where would you find the cell bodies for the sensory neurons in a neuro-reflex arc such as the patellar reflex?
Outside the spinal cord in the Dorsal Root Ganglion
Parathyroid hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels. Knowing this information, what must be true?
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone
A new, non-surgical alternative to vasectomy, called Vasalgel, is done by injecting an impassable gel into the ductus deferentia. What contraceptive effect will this have?
Sperm will be blocked from traveling from the testis to the urethra.
An automatic bladder is one that empties too frequently, and the person does not have voluntary control over when to empty his or her bladder. This disorder is a result of neurological damage to which location?
Spinal cord above the sacral region
Which of the following is listed in order from superficial to deep layers of skin?
Stratum Corneum- Stratum Granulosum- Stratum Spinosum- Stratum Basale
Lymphatic fluid is returned to the blood system via connections to the
Subclavian and Jugular Veins
Which of the following describes the portion of the cardiac cycle that allows for blood to be ejected from (leave) the heart?
Ventricular Systole, Atrial Diastole
Which of the following processes of the cardiac cycle increases blood pressure in the Aorta?
Ventricular Systole, Atrial Diastole
Which of the following describes a fat soluble vitamin?
Vitamin A is stored in fat and not destroyed by cooking
Where ______ are acids that can be adjusted by the respiratory system, ______ are acids that are adjusted by the renal system.
Volatile Acids/ Fixed Acids
Which of the following structures is the location where sperm are created
Walls of Seminiferous tubules
The union of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell is called __________.
fertilization
The tail of a sperm cell is a __________.
flagellum
Fetal blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium via what structure?
foramen ovale
Which of the following steps of wound healing needs to happen to provide the supplies for re-epithelialization? (Note, this happens before re-epithelialization)
"Creation of new blood vessels near the site of injury"
Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory to signal transmission. If a signal is excitatory, it sparks a depolarization event in the next neuron and/or muscle cell. If a signal is inhibitory, it can open K+ or Cl- channels which can cause a ___1__ event that makes it ____2____ to reach the threshold stimulus.
1) Hyperpolarization 2) Difficult
If normal body cells have 46 chromosomes, how many total chromosomes will the mature sperm have?
23
What is the probability for the possible genotypes that result from the cross of two heterozygous parents?
25% AA; 50% Aa; 25% aa
Each cell of a human zygote contains ___________ chromosomes.
46
Which of the following disorders of sexual development represents an individual who is genetically female, but who phenotypically expresses male genitalia?
46 XX intersex
What is the probability that a man with a straight hairline (genotype ww) and a woman with a widow's peak (genotype Ww) will have a child with a straight hairline?
50%
In a certain male individual, primary spermatocytes do not divide into secondary spermatocytes, yet between still undergo spermiogenesis and form mature sperm. These sperm then fertilize a normal oocyte. How many chromosomes will the zygote contain?
69
Rigor Mortis is a state of being where 100% of the muscle fibers have been contracted at once, the contraction is not allowed to resolve, this causes the body to become "stiff". Which of the below requirements of muscle resolution is the dead body missing that would resolve these contractions?
ATP
The parasympathetic division will release the neurotransmitter __________ onto effectors to exhibit either an inhibitory or excitatory response
Acetylcholine
When somatic nerve cells innervate a skeletal muscle's motor end plate, they secrete the neurotransmitter ___________.
Acetylcholine
With which situation will the kidneys increase their excretion of hydrogen ions?
Acidosis
Which of the following is the molecule that myosin will hydrolyze in order to gain the energy to "cock"
Adenosine Triphosphate
Which of the following glands produces the hormone Cortisol?
Adrenal
In which stage of spermatogenesis will you separate the chromosomal pairs leaving each resulting cell with a chromosome from the set?
After completing Meiosis 1 (M1)
Which of the following proteins is responsible for creating the colloid osmotic pressure in blood?
Albumen
Which of the following is the definition of "Summation"
An additive response that combines muscle twitches when there are multiple stimuli increasing in frequency
Which of the following is true of skin color?
An increase in eumelanin will make skin appear darker and browner
The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the effect of __________ hormone on the renal tubules.
Anti-diuretic
When does the fetal stage of development begin?
At the end of the eighth week of pregnancy
BP= (SV) x (HR) x (PR) Above is a common equation used to relate cardiac output to blood pressure. Match the below situations with the equation terms they directly effect.
BP= (SV) x (HR) x (PR) Above is a common equation used to relate cardiac output to blood pressure. Match the below situations with the equation terms they directly effect. QuestionSelected Match When you re-hydrate by drinking you will see a (an) B. Increase in Stroke Volume After you donate blood you will see a (an) C. Decrease in Stroke Volume When you recover from injury and grow new blood vessels you see a (an) D. Increase in Peripheral Resistance Your pulmonary blood vessels dilate when you exercise creating a (an) A. Decrease in Peripheral Resistance The cardiac accelerator nerve increases stimulation of the pacemaker cells in the heart creating a (an) E. Decrease in Heart Rate The Vagus nerve increases stimulation of the pacemaker cells of the heart creating a (an) F. Increase in Heart Rate
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
The __________ groups of amino acids and proteins can release hydrogen ions.
Carboxyl
Which of the following processes describes the type of digestion that changes the chemical make-up of the food?
Chemical digestion
Sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport. As a result, what happens to chloride ions?
Chloride ions are reabsorbed passively by electrical attraction.
If I actively transport sodium across the nephron's cell membrane, what other ions and molecules will move? (include resorbed and secreted)
Cloride Water K+ (Potassium) H+ (Hydrogen)
On the venule side of the capillary bed, which pressure is larger? What action does that drive?
Colloid Osmotic Pressure Re-absorption
What role do the kidneys have in the regulation of the pH of body fluids?
Controlling the excretion of hydrogen ions
Which of the following structures of the eye refracts light to direct the image towards the fovea centralis?
Cornea
Which of the following structures of the developing embryo forms the nervous system and sensory organs?
Ectoderm
Blood flow into what structure would be affected by an obstruction in the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
What event triggers meiosis II in a secondary oocyte?
Entry of sperm nucleus into oocyte cytoplasm
What structure is a tightly coiled tube that leads to the ductus deferens?
Epididymis
When you draw a blood sample and you look under the microscope, the cells that occur in the highest frequency in the sample are
Erythrocytes
What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur?
Excessive loss of fluids and, eventually, death
Liver disease often results in the reduced production of plasma proteins. What effect will the resulting hypoproteinemia (low protein in the blood) have on fluid distribution in the body?
Fluid shifts out of the blood into the interstitial fluid, causing edema.
During spermatogenesis, what is the end result of meiosis?
Four sperm cells with 23 chromosomes each
Which of the following is true about warm receptors?
Free nerve endings that are sensitive to temps above 25C (77F)
Which of the following hormones has blood glucose as a stimuli?
Glucagon
Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?
Glucose
Which of the following chemicals is secreted into the lumen of the stomach via parietal cells?
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
The phosphate buffer system helps regulate pH within cells. If too much hydrogen ion is released within the cell reducing the pH, what reaction will occur?
HPO4-2 + H+ → H2PO4-
Paragraphically describe the structures needed for a special sense of the nervous system Include the stimulus Include the receptor types that are stimulated by the stimulus Include the sensory cell that houses the receptor Include any supporting structures for the sense Include the nerve that transports the signal to the brain Include portion of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the signal
Hearing would be the one I decribe. The stimulus would be a sound wave, the hair cells would be a sensory receptor that retrieves it, and what houses it would be the basilar membrane. The nerve that transports the signal would be the vestibulocochlear nerve. The portion of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the signal would be the temporal lobe.
During a membrane potential ions are separated by the cell membrane. ______ is in higher concentration inside the cell, and _______ is in higher concentration outside the cell.
High Inside cell: K+ High Outside cell: Na+
Describe the blood that is passing through the ductus venosus.
High in oxygen and nutrients
Cystic fibrosis is due to a recessive gene that affects the functioning of chloride channels. What is the genotype of an individual with this disease?
Homozygous recessive
Which of the following ions will be secreted in the kidney?
Hydrogen (H+)
Where are the osmoreceptors that trigger thirst located?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following parings shows the control centers of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus and Pituitaries
Gerald just finished playing a couple of games of pick-up basketball in the park and has become dehydrated. In addition to triggering thirst, how else might his body respond to reestablish homeostasis?
Increase secretion of ADH
Which condition would trigger thirst?
Increased plasma-solute concentration
What effect does metabolic acidosis have on respiration?
Increases respiratory rate
Paragraphically describe either the patellar or withdrawal reflex Start with the "Stimulus" for this reflex and follow the electrical signal's pathway to the effector Include the locations of the sensory neuron's dendrites, cell body and axon (synaptic knobs) Include transferring the signal to the interneuron if needed Include the location of the motor neuron's body and axon (synaptic knobs)
I will describe the patellar reflex. When you hit the patellar ligament. This triggers the quadtriceps femoris muscle and is pulled very slightly.This then stimulates the receptors of the specific muscles.This triggers impulsesthat pass to axon of a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord the sensory axon synapses with a motor neuron.. Then a impulse travels back to the quadtrceps femoris and contracts, then the knee then extends.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions to promote water reabsorption. Where are the receptors for ADH located?
In the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
You are a scientist studying sickle cell anemia. You have found that this trait expresses in an individual as an intermediate between a homozygous recessive expression and a homozygous dominant expression. Which pattern of inheritance does this gene exhibit?
Incomplete Dominance
Which of the following phrases describes the protein quality found in most plant material?
Incomplete proteins that must be combined to make a complete diet
If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would this affect the glomerular filtration rate?
Increase in glomerular filtration rate
Name the cells in the testis that produce male sex hormones.
Interstitial cells
If alveolar partial pressure of Oxygen= 100mmHg and the pulmonary artery's partial pressure of Oxygen=46mmHg, in what direction will Oxygen move?
Into the blood
Which of the following structures of the eye is responsible for adjusting to bright or dim light?
Iris
Why do we give the primary ossification center the designation of "primary"?
It is where bone forms first in the fetus
Which of the following is true of internal expiration?
It occurs between systemic capillaries and body tissues CO2 and O2 exchange using diffusion The goal is to deliver oxygen to body tissues for metabolism Oxygen will flow out of the blood capillaries Carbon dioxide will flow into the blood capillaries
Describe how bones and muscles work together to create a moving joint, make sure you are describing a real joint such as the elbow or knee. a. Include an example of a prime-mover and an antagonistic muscle b. Include names of bones that meet to form the joint c. Identify the specific parts of the lever d. Identify the movement produced once the prime-mover contracts
MISSING IDENTITY OF ANTAGONIST Flexion and extension are what describe the movement in angles between bones that meet at joint. When flexion of your elbow occurs it decreases your angle and helps bend your elbow bringing the bones closer. The biceps brachii is an example of a prime-mover for your elbow for flexion. In a bar and lever example, your bones act as a bar in a lever.
Which of the following phases of the uterine cycle is marked by reduced blood flow to the endometrium that causes tissue degeneration?
Menstrual Phase
What type of acid-base imbalance can develop when a patient with diabetes mellitus is converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?
Metabolic acidosis
What type of acid-base imbalance can result from prolonged diarrhea that causes excessive loss of intestinal secretions?
Metabolic acidosis
What type of acid-base imbalance can result from prolonged vomiting in which only the stomach contents are lost?
Metabolic alkalosis
What type of acid-base imbalance can result from the ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion?
Metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following is not part of the urine-formation process?
Micturation
High Fructose Corn Syrup has very large amounts of "Fructose" which like Glucose is a ________
Monosaccharide
Which layer of the GI tract is responsible for secreting secretions and absorbing nutrients?
Mucosa
Match the urinary hormone or mechanism to the result you'd see in the urine composition
NOR IN RIGHT ORDER QuestionSelected Match ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) A. Aquaporins appear in the collecting ducts causing water to be reabsorbed, concentrating urine. Aldosterone B. Sodium/Potassium pumps on the basolateral membrane in the nephron increase the transport of sodium and reabsorption of water, concentrating urine. Angiotensin II C. Blood vessels of the systemic system vasoconstrict increasing flow to the kidney increasing urine volume output. The juxtaglomerular apparatus notices the increase of salt concentration in the distal convoluted tubule D. Afferent arteriole constricts decreasing blood flow to the kidney, lowering urine volume output.
Match the following terms to their definitions
NOT IN RIGHT ORDER Match Cell division that produces Dipoid cells C. Mitosis Cell division that produces Haploid cells I. Meiosis Follicular cells H. Cells that make up the Corona Radiata of the ovum Glycoproteins G. Proteins that makeup the Zona Pellucida Corpus Luteum B. A follicle that will produce the hormone Progesterone Antrum F. The structure developed by the follicle that allows the egg to be expelled from the ovary Morula E. An 8-celled embryo Homozygous J. If identical alleles of a gene are present in one individual, the person is said to be Trophoblast D. Structure of the developing embryo that develops into the placenta Heterozygous A. If there are two different alleles of a gene present in one individual, this person is said to be
Match the following terms with the appropriate definition
NOT IN RIGHT ORDER Match the following terms with the appropriate definition QuestionSelected Match Interstitial (Leydig) Cells E. Cells of the teste that produce testosterone Sertoli (sustentacular) Cells A. Cells of the teste that produce androgen binding protein GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) C. A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that initiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) D. A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates follicle maturation and production of follicular fluid. LH (Luteinizing hormone) B. A hormone that causes testicular cells to produce testosterone
Match the following terms with their definition:
NOT RIGHT++ these are the options he process of reabsorption E. The process of moving water and dissolved solutes into the peritubular capillaries from the nephron The process of secretion F. The process of moving water and dissolved solutes into the nephron from the peritubular capillaries The process of filtration B. The process of moving water and dissolved solutes into the nephron from the Glomerular capillaries Hydrostatic Pressure of the Glomerulus G. A pressure that moves filtrate into the nephron, is due to the force created by the heart pumping blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure of the Glomerulus A. A pressure that moves filtrate into the glomerular capillaries , is due to the presence of plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries Hydrostatic Pressure of the Capsule D. A pressure that moves filtrate into the glomerular capillaries, is due to the filtrate acting on the renal corpuscle Net Filtration Pressure C. A calculated positive pressure that is maintained so filtration can continue
To establish a negatively charged resting membrane potential a cell will use which of the following proteins?
Na/K pump
The postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system will release the neurotransmitter _______ to excite an effector cell such as a muscle cell of the heart.
NorEpinephrine
Which of the following descriptions describes a "Uni-polar" neuron?
One process extending off cell body that connects to a long axon with dendrites at one end and synaptic knobs on the other
Which of the following are least likely to be in glomerular filtrate?
Plasma proteins
Which of the following ions is an Intracellular ion?
Potassium
At the beginning of spermatogenesis, the spermatogonium undergoes a type of cell division that produces a second spermatogonium as well as a(an) _______
Primary Spermatocyte
When muscles work in groups during joint movement a _____________ is the muscle in the group that causes the desired movement, the __________________ assists the prime mover accomplish the movement, while the ___________ opposes the main movement allowing for the opposite of the desired movement when contracted.
Prime Mover, Synergist, Antagonist
What hormone stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk?
Prolactin
Which of the following indicates the order of occurrence that will allow milk to eject from a mammary gland?
Prolactin release, Nipple stimulation, Oxytocin release, alveolar ducts eject milk
Which of the following phases of the uterine cycle is marked by estrogen release from mature (not yet ovulated) follicles increasing growth of blood vessels and the endometrium?
Proliferative Phase
What type of acid-base imbalance can result from the obstruction of the airways?
Respiratory acidosis
What type of acid-base imbalance can result from hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis
Which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?
Respiratory system
Which of the following is true of the receptor cells in the eye that are responsible for colorless vision?
Rods activate during dim light to bring colorless vision
Where is the micturition reflex center located?
Sacral portion of the spinal cord
There are two types of conduction that neurons can use to propagate their signals down their axons. Myelinated neurons use __________ conduction.
Saltatory
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart? (what sets the heart beat?)
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Brian became dehydrated after a long run in the hot summer sun because he did not drink enough water. What will be the volume and concentration of his urine?
Small amount of concentrated urine
Why is it important to digest food into smaller particles?
Smaller particles have larger surface areas and so will be more easily digested and absorbed in the GI tract
the [A] division of the nervous system is responsible for stressful "fight or flight" responses, where the [B] division is responsible for peaceful "rest and digest" responses
Specified Answer for: A: sympathetic Specified Answer for: B: parasympathetic
Which of the following structures is responsible for reducing the surface tension of the new born's lungs, allowing them to take their first breath?
Surfactant
Which of the following are the correct pairings for taste receptors and their stimuli?
Sweet (Glucose) Sour (Hydrogen ions) Bitter (Hydroxide ions) Umami (Amino Acid Profile) Salty (salts such as Sodium Chloride)
What is a function of the kindeys?
Synthesis of vitamin D
Which of the following stages of development of the follicle is a stage where the follicle has a fluid-filled antrum?
Tertiary Follicle
What would happen if the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus constricts?
The glomerular filtration rate would decrease.
Which of the following is an example of a Plane joint?
The junctions Tarsals share
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait. Which would be true about the parents of a hemophiliac son?
The mother must have the recessive allele. The father's genotype doesn't have any effect on the son.
Bones form by replacing connective tissues, which of the following is true of the formation of endochondral bones?
The primary center for bone formation is the diaphysis
Which of the following situations describes a cell responding to hormones with "Down Regulation"
There is a high hormone presence so the cell reduces the number of receptors for the hormone to reduce stimulation.
Which event in the cardiac cycle happens as the AV node passes its signal to the bundle of His?
Ventricles Fill
This is an ECG, indicate the sequence of events that occurs in the heart muscle for each of the indicated waves and complexes
This is an ECG, indicate the sequence of events that occurs in the heart muscle for each of the indicated waves and complexes. QuestionSelected Match P-wave D. Atrial Muscles Depolarize QRS-Complex B. Ventricular Muscles Depolarize T-wave A. Ventricular Muscles Repolarize QRS-Complex C. Atrial Muscles Repolarize
By what route do drugs ingested by a pregnant woman most likely reach her fetus?
Through the placental membrane
Hormones sometimes use similar regulatory pathways, there are two that we discussed that use the accumulation of the final hormone to complete the negative feedback loop by turning off the signal. Which of the following are those hormones?
Thyroid (T3) and Growth hormone (GH)
How many major blood vessels are typically found in the umbilical cord?
Two arteries and one vein
Which of the following processes of wound healing describes the process of "Stopping the bleeding"?
Vasoconstriction of the vessels near the site of injury
dentify the following classifications of immunity with their examples
dentify the following classifications of immunity with their examples QuestionSelected Match Natural Active Immunity A. Someone is sick and sneezes on a passer-by. The person walking through the sneeze will experience a (an) Natural Passive Immunity B. A baby gaining immunity from it's mother's colostrum (milk) for the first 3 days of life is exhibiting a (an) Artificial Active Immunity C. You go to a health clinic and receive the flu vaccine. You will experience a (an) Artificial Passive Immunity D. An immuno-compromised individual who receives an injection of antiserum (a serum with antibodies) is exhibiting a (an)
What structure does the sperm enter after the ductus deferens?
ejaculatory duct
What hormone is mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?
estrogen
In the female reproductive cycle, menstrual flow occurs when the concentrations of __________.
estrogen and progesterone are low
An increase in the level of follicle-stimulating hormone at approximately day 14 of the menstrual cycle causes ovulation.
false
Increased blood levels of the hormone ADH increases urine production.
false
The amount of testosterone produced is regulated by a positive feedback system.
false
The division of the nervous system responsible for reducing glomerular filtration rate is the parasympathetic nervous system; this stimulation will have the overall effect of reducing urine production.
false
The division of the nervous system responsible for stimulating the bladder to expel urine during the micturition response is the sympathetic nervous system
false
The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the liver.
false
The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillaries of the glomerulus.
false
The gonads in the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina.
false
The secretions of the prostate gland neutralize acidic semen.
false
The word "Stratified" means the tissue consists of a single layer of cells
false
True or False: The Somatic nervous system is responsible for regulating visceral activities via responses sent through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
false
When the water concentration in body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH increases.
false
Individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype (ss) for sickle-cell anemia will have the disease. Those with the heterzygous genotype (Ss) will have the sickle-cell trait, a mild form of the disease. Those with the homozygous dominant genotype (SS) will not have any symptoms. What is the name of this kind of inheritance pattern?
incomplete dominance
You have been stabbed in the leg and your baroreceptors have sent the signal to your cardiovascular center, and it has told your heart to respond. What response do you witness?
increase heart rate
Decrease in albumin in the blood would __________ glomerular filtration pressure and __________ glomerular filtration rate.
increase, increase
The hormone Aldosterone will have what effect on sodium absorption?
increases
How will increasing the number of red blood cells affect the oxygen carrying capacity of blood? The oxygen carrying capacity will
increasing
Within a blastocyst, what group of cells give rise to the body of the developing offspring?
inner cell mass
Within a blastocyst, the __________ becomes the embryo proper, and the __________ is involved in anchoring the blastocyst to the uterine lining.
inner cell mass; trophoblast
Which of the following is a bone classification?
irregular
The hormone ADH will have what effect on urine composition?
it will concentrate
Typically, the greatest loss of fluid and electrolytes occurs as a result of the function of the __________.
kidney
Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) allow which of the following macromolecules to enter circulation?
large lipids
Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds respiratory gases. The Fe2+ ion binds the gas______ while the globular proteins bind the gas ________.
oxygen/ carbon dioxide
In response to a decrease in concentration of blood __________, the kidneys secrete __________.
oxygen; erythropoietin
The term "General Senses" applies to which of the following?
pain
Which of the following nerve receptors does not undergo sensory adaptation?
pain receptors
Sperm movement is aided by the presence of compounds called __________ in semen.
prostaglandins
The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is
pseudostratified epithelium
Substance A is transported from the fluid of the renal tubule into the plasma of the peritubular capillary. Substance A is said to be __________.
reabsorbed
he breakdown of glucose, the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, and the breakdown of nucleic acids have what in common?
release of hydrogen ions
When fertilized, what cell becomes a zygote?
secondary oocyte
Substance A is transported from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule. Substance A is said to be __________.
secreted
Sperm cells are produced by the spermatogenic cells that line the __________.
seminiferous tubules
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide use this mechanism to move across membranes (for example between the lungs and the blood).
simple diffusion
What epithelial tissue is made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells?
simple squamous epithelium
In order to absorb nutrients, the kidney must first actively transport an ion across its basement membrane and send it into the interstitium; what is that ion?
sodium
Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called __________.
spermatogonia
What type of compound will release the most hydrogen ions in a solution?
strong acid
Which of the following is NOT a categorization of joints?
window joint
