Anatomy Ch 2 - II

_____ is formed when atoms of different elements combine.

a compound

____ is made up of two or more atoms of the same element.

a molecule

The interaction of atoms is determined primarily by the number of ______ they possess.

electrons

The basic units of matter are _____.( Basic substances)

elements

Many trace elements are important parts of _____.

enzymes

iso-

equal

Organic substances are most likely to dissolve in ___.

ether or alcohol

lip-

fat

The building blocks of fat molecules are ____.

fatty acids and glycerol

The atomic radiation that travels the most rapidly and is the most penetrating is ____.

gamma

_______ be useful if it can lead to an earlier diagnosis or if it can predict a patient's response to a drug or drug class.

genetic testing

The time it takes for one-half of the amount of an isotope to decay to a nonradioactive form is its ______.

half-life

-valent

having power

Molecules that have polar regions are ____.

hydrophilic

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide examples of

inorganic

_____ is where anions and cations attract randomly and form crystals.

ionic bond

The ______ radiation to which people in the US are exposed is generated by radioactive substances that occur naturally in earth's surface, medical and dental X-rays, use of radioactive materials for power generation, and inclusion of radioactive substances in consumer products.

ionizing

All _____ participate in chemical reactions in the same way because they all have the same number of electrons and it is electrons that determines the way an atom behaves chemically.

isotopes

If the amount of a specific biomarker changes,

it can be used to track the progression of a disease or in tracking a response to treatment.

An element is chemically inactive if

its outer electron shell is filled

nucle-

kernal

A molecule is _____ likely than an ion to take part in a chemical reaction when dissolved in water.

less

pH of an acid solution

less than 7

bio-

life

poly-

many

Anything that has weight and takes up space is ____.

matter

pH of a base solution

more than 7

No electrical charge

neutron

______ store information and control life processes.

nucleic acids

mono-

one

carbohydrate, glucose, protein, fats examples of

organic

Study of the chemistry of living things is important to explain

physiological processes as well as to support the development of new drugs and the mechanisms of disease.

Sodium ions, potassium ions, and sulfate ions play a role in the ______ of the cell membrane.

polarization

Analysis of the human genome may make it possible to ________.

predict an individual's response to a specific drug or drug class

Positive electrical charge

proton

pH of a neutral solution

7

______ is an example of a molecular formula.

C6 H12 O6

____ is an example of a structural formula.

H H -O-

________ have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights.

Isotopes

_________ have the same number of protons but may vary in the number of neutrons.

The atoms of the same element

___ releases hydrogen ions in water.

acid

A blood pH of 7.8 indicates a condition known as _____.

alkalosis

What are the 3 types of radiation

alpha, beta, gamma

The building blocks of protein molecules are ___.

amino acids

Nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons make up _____.

an atom

An atom that is electrically charged, has gained or lost an electron is ____.

an ion

Negatively charged ions are _____.

anions

The _______ of an element is determined by the number of protons.

atomic number

The _____ of an element of an element is determined by adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons.

atomic weight

Tiny, invisible particles that make up basic substances are called ___.

atoms

_____ accepts hydroxide ions in water.

base

The discipline that deals with the chemistry of living things is called _______.

biochemistry

A chemical clue that indicates exposure to a disease or a toxin is a ________.

biomarker

Elements required y the body in large amounts are known as ______ elements.

bulk

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen are examples of ________

bulk elements

Chemicals in the human body that are commonly used for medical testing are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The speed of a chemical reaction is affected by the presence or absence of a _______.

catalyst

Positively charged ions are ____.

cations

When two elements are found in combination, the substance is called a _______.

compound

The three-dimensional shapes of proteins are called _____.

conformations

Electrons are shared by two atoms in a

covalent bond

A chemical reaction in which molecules are broken down is called ___.

decomposition

Radioactive isotopes are useful as _____.

diagnostic tools

-lyt

dissolvable

Negative electrical charge

electron

When an isotope decomposes and gives off energy, it is ____.

radioactive

A ____ has an unstable atomic nucleus that decomposes, releasing energy until its atoms reach a stable state.

radioactive isotope

_____ are useful in the treatment of diseases such as hyperthyroidism and certain types of malignancies.

radioactive isotopes

______ of iodine can be used both to diagnose and to treat thyroid problems because iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland and only in the thyroid gland.

radioactive isotopes

Reproducibility

results mean the same thing across different patients

A+B<=>AB is a _______ reaction

reversible

____ is a product of an acid and a base reacting together.

salt

The ability of a test to detect a disease or a deviation from health accurately is a measure of a test's _______.

sensitivity

Biomarkers must have

sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and noninvasiveness

Forms of matter

solid, liquid, gas

sacchar-

sugar

glyc-

sweet

A chemical reactions in which molecules are formed is called _____.

synthesis

_____ is commonly used to diagnose disorders of the cardiac muscle.

thallium

Chemists study

the composition of substances and how they change.

Biochemistry is

the division of chemistry of interest to physiologists.

Specificity

the test is negative when the object of the test is not present

Sensitivity

the test is positive only when the object of the test is present

Noninvasiveness

the test material or body fluid can be easily obtained

syn-

together

____ are those elements that are needed in small amounts.

trace elements

di-

two

____ are needed in very small amounts, frequently as part of enzymes.

ultratrace elements

Inorganic substances usually dissolve in ____.

water