Anatomy Ch 2 - II
_____ is formed when atoms of different elements combine.
a compound
____ is made up of two or more atoms of the same element.
a molecule
The interaction of atoms is determined primarily by the number of ______ they possess.
electrons
The basic units of matter are _____.( Basic substances)
elements
Many trace elements are important parts of _____.
enzymes
iso-
equal
Organic substances are most likely to dissolve in ___.
ether or alcohol
lip-
fat
The building blocks of fat molecules are ____.
fatty acids and glycerol
The atomic radiation that travels the most rapidly and is the most penetrating is ____.
gamma
_______ be useful if it can lead to an earlier diagnosis or if it can predict a patient's response to a drug or drug class.
genetic testing
The time it takes for one-half of the amount of an isotope to decay to a nonradioactive form is its ______.
half-life
-valent
having power
Molecules that have polar regions are ____.
hydrophilic
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide examples of
inorganic
_____ is where anions and cations attract randomly and form crystals.
ionic bond
The ______ radiation to which people in the US are exposed is generated by radioactive substances that occur naturally in earth's surface, medical and dental X-rays, use of radioactive materials for power generation, and inclusion of radioactive substances in consumer products.
ionizing
All _____ participate in chemical reactions in the same way because they all have the same number of electrons and it is electrons that determines the way an atom behaves chemically.
isotopes
If the amount of a specific biomarker changes,
it can be used to track the progression of a disease or in tracking a response to treatment.
An element is chemically inactive if
its outer electron shell is filled
nucle-
kernal
A molecule is _____ likely than an ion to take part in a chemical reaction when dissolved in water.
less
pH of an acid solution
less than 7
bio-
life
poly-
many
Anything that has weight and takes up space is ____.
matter
pH of a base solution
more than 7
No electrical charge
neutron
______ store information and control life processes.
nucleic acids
mono-
one
carbohydrate, glucose, protein, fats examples of
organic
Study of the chemistry of living things is important to explain
physiological processes as well as to support the development of new drugs and the mechanisms of disease.
Sodium ions, potassium ions, and sulfate ions play a role in the ______ of the cell membrane.
polarization
Analysis of the human genome may make it possible to ________.
predict an individual's response to a specific drug or drug class
Positive electrical charge
proton
pH of a neutral solution
7
______ is an example of a molecular formula.
C6 H12 O6
____ is an example of a structural formula.
H H -O-
________ have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights.
Isotopes
_________ have the same number of protons but may vary in the number of neutrons.
The atoms of the same element
___ releases hydrogen ions in water.
acid
A blood pH of 7.8 indicates a condition known as _____.
alkalosis
What are the 3 types of radiation
alpha, beta, gamma
The building blocks of protein molecules are ___.
amino acids
Nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons make up _____.
an atom
An atom that is electrically charged, has gained or lost an electron is ____.
an ion
Negatively charged ions are _____.
anions
The _______ of an element is determined by the number of protons.
atomic number
The _____ of an element of an element is determined by adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
atomic weight
Tiny, invisible particles that make up basic substances are called ___.
atoms
_____ accepts hydroxide ions in water.
base
The discipline that deals with the chemistry of living things is called _______.
biochemistry
A chemical clue that indicates exposure to a disease or a toxin is a ________.
biomarker
Elements required y the body in large amounts are known as ______ elements.
bulk
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen are examples of ________
bulk elements
Chemicals in the human body that are commonly used for medical testing are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
The speed of a chemical reaction is affected by the presence or absence of a _______.
catalyst
Positively charged ions are ____.
cations
When two elements are found in combination, the substance is called a _______.
compound
The three-dimensional shapes of proteins are called _____.
conformations
Electrons are shared by two atoms in a
covalent bond
A chemical reaction in which molecules are broken down is called ___.
decomposition
Radioactive isotopes are useful as _____.
diagnostic tools
-lyt
dissolvable
Negative electrical charge
electron
When an isotope decomposes and gives off energy, it is ____.
radioactive
A ____ has an unstable atomic nucleus that decomposes, releasing energy until its atoms reach a stable state.
radioactive isotope
_____ are useful in the treatment of diseases such as hyperthyroidism and certain types of malignancies.
radioactive isotopes
______ of iodine can be used both to diagnose and to treat thyroid problems because iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland and only in the thyroid gland.
radioactive isotopes
Reproducibility
results mean the same thing across different patients
A+B<=>AB is a _______ reaction
reversible
____ is a product of an acid and a base reacting together.
salt
The ability of a test to detect a disease or a deviation from health accurately is a measure of a test's _______.
sensitivity
Biomarkers must have
sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and noninvasiveness
Forms of matter
solid, liquid, gas
sacchar-
sugar
glyc-
sweet
A chemical reactions in which molecules are formed is called _____.
synthesis
_____ is commonly used to diagnose disorders of the cardiac muscle.
thallium
Chemists study
the composition of substances and how they change.
Biochemistry is
the division of chemistry of interest to physiologists.
Specificity
the test is negative when the object of the test is not present
Sensitivity
the test is positive only when the object of the test is present
Noninvasiveness
the test material or body fluid can be easily obtained
syn-
together
____ are those elements that are needed in small amounts.
trace elements
di-
two
____ are needed in very small amounts, frequently as part of enzymes.
ultratrace elements
Inorganic substances usually dissolve in ____.
water