Anatomy Chapter 1 2019

The wrist is ________ to the elbow. horizontal medial lateral distal proximal

distal

The common term for the buccal region is the foot. head. arm. buttock. cheek.

cheek

While standing erect, the direction of caudal is laterally. medially. upward. downward. None of the answers is correct.

downward.

Which of the following tissues fills internal spaces and provides structural support? epithelial tissue bone tissue nervous tissue connective tissue muscle tissue

connective tissue

A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) control center (integration center). stimulus. thermoregulator. effector. receptor.

effector

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the ________ system. lymphatic endocrine digestive respiratory cardiovascular

endocrine

Which of the following tissues covers and protects exposed surface areas of the body? epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous tissue bone tissue muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

Which type of cells are spherical and contain energy molecules? red blood cells muscle cells bone cells white blood cells fat cells

fat cells

What is the primary function of kidneys? secret enzymes for digestion removes carbon dioxide from the body form and concentrate urine regulate blood glucose store urine

form and concentrate urine

All of the following participate in thermoregulation, except blood vessels. gastrointestinal system. sweat glands. skin. brain.

gastrointestinal system.

A midsagittal section would pass through the: spleen. leg. lung. heart kidney

heart

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called responsiveness. homeostasis. biology. disease. adaptability.

homeostasis

When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of homeostasis. positive feedback. illness or disease. negative feedback.

illness or disease

The chin is ________ to the nose. inferior anterior medial posterior superior

inferior

Protection from environmental hazards is a function of the ________ system. endocrine skeletal muscular skeletal and muscular integumentary

integumentary

Much of the early history in anatomy is tied to what country? France England Italy Spain United States

italy

Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall? stomach spleen kidney urinary bladder large intestine

kidney

The common name for the patellar region is the breast. ear. hand. kneecap. neck

kneecap

Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition? salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas stomach

liver

The heart is ________ to the lungs. distal posterior medial lateral proximal

medial

Name and define the unit used to measure cell size. (Module 1.11A) micrometer; equal to one-millionth of a meter centimeter; equal to one-hundredth of a meter millimeter; equal to one-thousandth of a meter picometer; equal to one-trillionth of a meter nanometer; equal to one-billionth of a meter

micrometer; equal to one-millionth of a meter

Which of the following cell types is long, slender and makes contractions? bone cells white blood cells muscle cells red blood cells fat cells

muscle cells

All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except pancreas. thymus. muscle. thyroid. pituitary.

muscle.

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. . neutral positive deficit negative polarized

negative

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of negative feedback. fever. diagnostic regulation. nonhomeostatic regulation. positive feedback.

negative feedback

Visceral pericardium is located: lining the peritoneal cavity. lining the pleural cavity. on the lung itself. on the heart itself. on the small intestine itself.

on the heart itself.

Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe: surgical procedures. living matter. one body part in relation to another. the nervous system. a supine position.

one body part in relation to another.

The heart is an example of a(n) tissue. extracellular fluid. cell. organ system. organ.

organ.

Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity? ovary pancreas stomach small intestine spleen

ovary

A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a ________ section. superior coronal parasagittal transverse frontal

parasagittal

Which of the following terms refers to the foot? brachial cervical pedal femoral antebrachial

pedal

The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except the right upper quadrant (RUQ). right lower quadrant (RLQ). left lower quadrant (LLQ). pelvic quadrant. left upper quadrant (LUQ).

pelvic quadrant

The thoracic cavity contains the: pericardial and pleural cavities. pericardial cavity. pelvic cavity. pleural cavities. coelom.

pericardial and pleural cavities.

Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum? lung pericardial sac small intestine stomach spleen

pericardial sac

If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened? (Module 1.22C) pericardial portion of the thoracic cavity peritoneal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity pleural portion of the thoracic cavity vertebral cavity pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the: pericardium. peritoneum. pleura. abdomen. mediastinum.

peritoneum.

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. positive negative neutral deficit polarized

positive

A massage therapist often begins a massage by asking clients to lie face down with their arms at their sides. Which anatomical term describes that position? (Module 1.20B) anterior medial posterior prone supine

prone

A person lying face down is in the ________ position. supine prone posterior anatomical anterior

prone

What type of section would separate (1) the two eyes? (2) the nose and two ears? (3) the neck and naval? (Module 1.21B) (1) frontal; (2) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (3) transverse, or horizontal (1) frontal; (2) transverse, or horizontal; (3) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline) (1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) frontal; (3) transverse, or horizontal (1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) transverse, or horizontal; (3) frontal (1) transverse, or horizontal; (2) frontal; (3) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline)

(1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) frontal; (3) transverse, or horizontal

Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with a door on a hinge. (Module 1.9A) (A) The elbow moves in a single plane like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. (B) The elbow moves as a ball in socket like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. (C) The elbow moves by rotation and circumduction like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. (D) The elbow moves in three planes like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. (E) The elbow moves by twisting like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.

(A) The elbow moves in a single plane like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________. (A) structure; function (B) growth; form (C) structure; form (D) function; form (E) form; structure

(A) structure; function

Explain the link between anatomy and physiology. (Module 1.8B) (A) Anatomy is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions; physiology is the study of internal and external body structures. (B) Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures; physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. (C) Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; physiology is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification. (D) Anatomy is the study of cells; physiology is the study of tissues. (E) Anatomy is the study of tissues; physiology is the study of organs.

(B) Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures; physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s). (A) urinary (B) digestive (C) lymphatic (D) cardiovascular (E) urinary and cardiovascular

(B) Digestive

What are the differences between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy? (Module 1.8A) (A) Gross anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. (B) Gross anatomy involves the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification. (C) Gross anatomy involves the study of cells; microscopic anatomy involves the study of tissues. (D) Gross anatomy is the study of internal body structures; microscopic anatomy is the study of how living organisms perform their functions. (E) Gross anatomy involves the study of tissues; microscopic anatomy involves the study of cells.

(B) Gross anatomy involves the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? (A) cardiovascular (B) respiratory (C) endocrine (D) digestive (E) lymphatic

(B) Respiratory

List the common characteristics shared by all living things. (Module 1.7A) (A) atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism (B) cells, organization, responsiveness, regulation, growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism (C) growth, development, and reproduction (D) organization, responsiveness, and regulation (E) regulation, growth, and metabolism

(B) cells, organization, responsiveness, regulation, growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism

What is the smallest living level of organization? (A) tissue level (B) cellular level (C) chemical level (D) organ system level (E) organ level

(B) cellular level

Because the anatomy and physiology of the body's structures are interrelated, it is often said that "form determines ________." (A) physiology (B) anatomy (C) function (D) biology

(C) Function

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that (A) blood has magical properties. (B) all organisms are composed of cells. (C) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. (D) congenital defects can be life-threatening. (E) chemical molecules make up cells.

(C) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

The central principle of physiology is (A) temperature regulation. (B) stimulation. (C) homeostasis. (D) reflexes. (E) nutrition.

(C) homeostasis.

Define organ. (Module 1.10B) (A) An organ is composed of similar cells working together to perform one or more specific functions. (B) An organ is the smallest stable unit of matter and can form molecules. (C) An organ is the smallest living units in the body. (D) An organ is two or more tissues working to perform several functions. (E) An organ is the highest level of organization.

(D) An organ is two or more tissues working to perform several functions.

Name the simplest level of organization that includes the smallest living units in the body. (Module 1.10A) (A) organ level (B) organ system level (C) tissue level (D) cellular level (E) chemical level

(D) Cellular level

Predict what would happen to the function of a structure if its anatomy were altered. (Module 1.9B) (A) The structure's function would not be affected. (B) The structure's function would be improved significantly. (C) The structure's function would be improved marginally. (D) The structure's function would be impaired or eliminated.

(D) The structure's function would be impaired or eliminated.

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? (A) organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system (B) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism (C) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism (D) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular (E) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

(D) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Describe the basic processes in humans and other animals. (Module 1.7C) (A) digestion, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion (B) catabolism, anabolism, diffusion, and transportation (C) defense, protection, movement, and elimination (D) respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion (E) blood pressure regulation, body fluid regulation, reproduction, and metabolism

(D) respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion

Distinguish between growth and development. (Module 1.7B) (A) Growth refers to the ability to maintain homeostasis at a single moment. Development refers to the ability to maintain homeostasis over a lifetime. (B) Growth refers to changes that occur in small organisms. Development refers to changes that occur in large organisms. (C) Growth refers to a decrease in size. Development refers to an increase in size. (D) Growth refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism ages. Development refers to an increase in size. (E) Growth refers to an increase in size. Development refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism grows.

(E) Growth refers to an increase in size. Development refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism grows.

Our understanding of how the human body works is based on a knowledge of which level(s) of organization? (Module 1.10C) (A) chemical level (B) cellular level (C) tissue level (D) molecular level (E) Knowledge about each level contributes to our total understanding of how the body works.

(E) Knowledge about each level contributes to our total understanding of how the body works.

Describe a person in the anatomical position. (Module 1.20A) A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together. A person in anatomical position is lying on their back, arms are by their sides with palms facing down, and the feet together. A person in anatomical position is lying on their stomach, arms are held out with palms facing down, and the feet lay shoulder-length apart. A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms are held out with the palms facing down, and the feet are shoulder-length apart. A person in anatomical position is lying in the fetal position.

A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together.

A red blood cell has a diameter of about 8μm. Use that information to estimate the diameter of the oocyte in micrometers (μm) and millimeters (mm). (1 mm = 1000 μm) (Module 1.11C) An oocyte has a diameter about 4 times greater than the red blood cell. An oocyte has a diameter about 2 times greater than the red blood cell. An oocyte has a diameter about 15 times greater than the red blood cell. An oocyte has a diameter about 11 times greater than the red blood cell. An oocyte has a diameter about 7 times greater than the red blood cell.

An oocyte has a diameter about 11 times greater than the red blood cell.

What is the purpose of anatomical terms? (Module 1.20D) Anatomical terms are used because they provide continuity between organs of humans and animals. Anatomical terms are used because they give hints about the function of the body part. Anatomical terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body. Anatomical terms are used because they are easier to spell and pronounce than the official standard terms. Anatomical terms are used because all organs that perform the same function have the same anatomical term regardless of the organism.

Anatomical terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.

The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the positive feedback center. skin. brain. thermostat. temperature receptor.

Brain

Contrast the descriptions used by clinicians and anatomists when referring to the positions of injuries or internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis. (Module 1.20C) Clinicians base their descriptions on four abdominopelvic quadrants, whereas anatomists use nine abdominopelvic regions. Clinicians base their descriptions on a person lying in a supine position, whereas anatomist use a person lying in a prone position. Clinicians base their descriptions on nine abdominopelvic regions, whereas anatomists use four abdominopelvic quadrants. Clinicians base their descriptions on superficial anatomical terms, whereas anatomists use regional anatomical terms. Clinicians base their descriptions on a person lying in a prone position, whereas anatomists use a person lying in a supine position.

Clinicians base their descriptions on four abdominopelvic quadrants, whereas anatomists use nine abdominopelvic regions.

What is the purpose of directional and sectional terms? (Module 1.21C) Directional and sectional terms are used because they give hints about the function of the body part. Directional and sectional terms are used because they are easier to spell and pronounce than the anatomical terms. Directional and sectional terms are used because all organs that perform the same function have the same directional and sectional term regardless of the organism. Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body. Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide continuity between organs of humans and animals.

Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.

Define the word eponym. (Module 1.19B) Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition that is named after a person. Eponym is a term denoting structures in the body that share the same names. Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition in humans that is identical to another anatomical structure or clinical condition in animals. Eponym is a term denoting the study of anatomy by dissection of cadavers. Eponym is a term used to describe multiple diseases caused by the same pathology.

Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition that is named after a person.

________ is the study of tissue structures. Biology Pathology Histology Gross anatomy Microbiology

Histology

The Appendix contains tables of the normal physiological values regarding dissolved materials in various body fluids. Most of these values are listed as ranges, rather than averages. Why? (Module 1.17C) The lower number of the range represents healthy, normal conditions and the higher number of the range represents disease values. Young people have the lower values and the elderly have the higher values. Homeostatic control is not precise, and normal ranges are not fixed with absolute values. Each individual person only has one number at any given time. Young people have the higher values and the elderly have the lower values.

Homeostatic control is not precise, and normal ranges are not fixed with absolute values.

In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view. (Module 1.21A) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's face, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's back. In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject in cross-section, whereas a posterior view shows the subject in longitudinal section. In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's back, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's face. In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's right side, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's left side. In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's left side, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's right side.

In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's face, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's back.

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? It is important in regulating organs and tissues. It releases chemicals that affect other organs or tissues. It produces a more rapid response than the nervous system. It produces effects that last for days or longer. It produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time.

It produces a more rapid response than the nervous system.

Describe the three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation. (Module 1.17B) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the pathway, and the outcome. The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the control center, and the effector. The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the set point, the stimulus, and the result. The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the afferent signal, the central signal, and the efferent signal. The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the chemical, the membrane, and the receptor.

The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the control center, and the effector.

A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. frontal prone sagittal anatomical supine

anatomical

An anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is: posterior. abdominal. anterior. inferior. superior.

anterior.

While standing in the anatomical position: back refers to anterior. back refers to superior. front refers to inferior. back refers to dorsal. front refers to posterior.

back refers to dorsal.

Which type of cells recycle the calcium and phosphate stored there? fat cells bone cells blood cells nervous cells muscle cells

bone cells

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? cardiovascular muscular digestive urinary respiratory

cardiovascular

Which two organ systems are involved with circulation within the body? (Module 1.13A) cardiovascular and lymphatic systems digestive and urinary systems respiratory and digestive systems nervous and endocrine systems cardiovascular and respiratory systems

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. control center (integrating center); receptor; effector receptor; effector; control center (integrating center) receptor; control center (integrating center); effector effector; control center (integrating center); receptor effector; receptor; control center (integrating center)

receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

Which type of cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide? muscle cells bone cells red blood cells fat cells white blood cells

red blood cells

All of the following are examples of positive feedback, except increase heart rate after blood loss. relaxation of smooth muscles' blood vessels when body temperature goes up. blood clot formation. decrease bleeding after injury. release of chemicals from the blood vessels after injury.

relaxation of smooth muscles' blood vessels when body temperature goes up.

The urinary bladder is found in the ________ quadrant and the ________ quadrant. right upper; right lower right lower; left lower right upper; left lower left upper; left lower

right lower; left lower

The right pleural cavity contains the: left lung. right lung. left lung and right lung. trachea. heart.

right lung.

The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant. hepatic left lower right lower right upper left upper

right upper

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? proximal orthogonal sagittal frontal transverse

sagittal

The mediastinum: contains both the pleural and pericardial cavities. separates the pleural cavities. contains the pleural cavities. separates the pleural cavities, and contains the pericardial cavity. contains the pericardial cavity.

separates the pleural cavities, and contains the pericardial cavity.

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? skeletal endocrine muscular integumentary nervous

skeletal

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. prone dorsal anatomical supine caudal

supine

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. sweat glands that increase secretion. sweat glands that act like effectors. regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

All of the following are structures of the cardiovascular system, except veins. arteries. capillaries. the spleen. the heart.

the spleen

The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the: cranial and sacral. lateral and medial. pelvic and thoracic. thoracic and abdominopelvic. dorsal and ventral.

thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Identify the body cavities of the trunk. (Module 1.22B) thoracic cavity (which contains the pleural and pericardial cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities) cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity anterior cavity (which contains the peritoneal cavity) and the posterior cavity (which contains the retroperitoneal cavity) superior cavity and inferior cavity thoracic cavity (which contains the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the pleural and pericardial cavities)

thoracic cavity (which contains the pleural and pericardial cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)

The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________. pericardial cavity; pleural cavity pericardial sac; pericardial cavity abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity pleural cavity; mediastinum thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

The common name for the pollex is the armpit. groin. hand. thumb. foot.

thumb

Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region? left lumbar right hypochondriac left hypochondriac upper right right inguinal region

upper right

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system. lymphatic urinary endocrine respiratory digestive

urinary

The common term for the carpal region is the ankle. chest. skull. leg. wrist.

wrist