Anatomy Chapter 3
Membranes are formed by the combination of which tissues? A) epithelial and connective B) epithelial and muscle C) connective and muscle D) muscle and neural E) connective and neural
A
Most energy storage in the body is accomplished by which of the following cells? A) adipocytes B) melanocytes C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) lymphocytes
A
Muscle tissue located in layers around the digestive tract is called ________. A) smooth muscle B) crenulated muscle C) skeletal muscle D) cardiac muscle E) All of the answers are correct.
A
Skeletal muscle tissue contains large fibers that are ________. A) multinucleated B) involuntary C) nonstriated D) controlled by pacesetter cells E) connected by intercalated discs
A
Which of the following terms means two or more layers? A) pseudostratified B) columnar C) stratified D) cuboidal E) simple
C
Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder? A) cuboidal B) columnar C) transitional D) squamous E) glandular
C
Epithelial cells aggregated together to produce a specific product(s)
Gland
What are tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
What are Multicellular Compound Glands? Draw a picture of each type
Have MANY distinct ducts with outpocketing Defined by the number and shape of these pockets Tubular: elongate Coiled: winds Alveolar: lobed
What are Multicellular Simple Glands? Draw pictures of each type
Have ONE distinct duct with outpocketing Defined by the number and shape of these pockets Tubular: elongate Coiled: winds Alveolar: lobed
What is the dense layer of the basal lamina?
Lamina densa
What is the clear layer in the basal lamina?
Lamina lucida
What is the structure, function and location of cardiac muscle?
Location: Heart Structure: Unicellular branched cardiocytes, Uninucleate, Striated, Involuntary Function: Heartbeat
What are some membrane types?
Mucous Membranes, Serous Membrane, Cutaneous Membrane and Cutaneous Membrane
What are Secretory sheets?
One large sheer covering a surface, Rarely have ducts or pockets
What are Apocrine Glands
Pinching off of cell portion and part of cell breaks off (Product is within this portion) E.g. mammary glands
What are Holocrine Glands
Product accumulates in cytosol (cell explodes ruptures and becomes the product) E.g. sebaceous glands (this is a glad in your skin)
What are the types of dense connective tissue
Regular, irregular, elastic
Describe stratified epithelium and whats its used for
Two or more layers of cells used for protection such as callus on someone foot
Primary Tissue Types
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
What are the three function types of exocrine glands functionally classified based on how secretions are released
merocrine glands, apocrine glands, holocrine glands
All connective tissue is derived from
mesenchymal cells
What is Deep fascia?
-dense CT sheets -binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, and bones -Deep to superficial fascia
What is the structure and the function of membranes
-made of epithelial & connective tissue* -form barriers -cover & protect
What is the connective tissue composed of
-Extracellular matrix (all have Protein fibers and Ground substance Consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid) -Cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
What are some major cell types of Connective Tissue Proper
-Fixed Cells: Mesenchymal (stem cells) , Fibroblasts (produce protein fibers) Fixed Macrophages (white blood cells), Adipocytes (fat cells), Melanocytes -Wandering cells: Free macrophages,Other white blood cells (secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders)
What is Synovial Membrane?
-In joint cavities -Produces synovial fluid -Lubricates joints -Promotes smooth movement
What is Mucous Membranes?
-Lines passageways open to exterior -Moistened by mucous -Contain areolar tissue -Examples: respiratory passages, mouth, digestive tract
What are the types of nervous tissues and their functions?
-Neurons (Transmit impulse for cell communication), -Neuroglia (Support, nourish, and protect neurons)
What are supporting connective tissue and the types?
-Provide a framework that supports the rest of the body -Cartilage, Bone
What is Serous Membrane?
-Simple squamous mesothelium; secretes watery fluid -Location: lining of pleural cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, scrotal cavity & pericardical cavity
What is Cutaneous Membrane?
-Skin -Covers body surface -Thick -Waterproof -Dry
What is Subserous fascia
-areolar CT sheet -binds to serous membranes -Deeper to deep fascia
What is Superficial Fascia?
-areolar and adipose tissue layer -Sits deep to cutaneous membrane (skin)
Tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments are all composed of ________ connective tissue, which contains tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to applied forces. A) dense regular B) osseous C) cartilaginous D) reticular E) areolar
A
The layer of dense regular connective tissue that is bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments is called ________. A) deep fascia B) subserous fascia C) lamina propria D) reticular lamina E) subcutaneous layer
A
The presence of large numbers of microvilli on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells indicates that ________. A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur B) these cells provide energy for transport activities C) these cells are probably located along portions of the respiratory tract from the lungs toward the throat D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
A
What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of blood vessels? A) simple squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) transitional D) simple columnar E) pseudostratified columnar
A
Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue? A) consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells B) individual cells have many, irregularly shaped nuclei C) can replace cells and regenerate after an injury D) contracts only with nervous stimulation E) also called striated voluntary muscle
A
Which of the following is a cell process that receives incoming electrical impulses? A) soma B) neuroglia C) dendrites D) nerve fibers E) axon
C
What are the types of loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
Extracellular fibers and ________ comprise the matrix that surrounds the cells of a connective tissue. A) melanocytes B) ground substance C) fibroblasts D) mesenchymal cells E) neutrophils and eosinophils
B
Hormones are examples of ________ secretion. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) holocrine D) merocrine E) apocrine
B
Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to ________. A) repair itself after damage B) produce powerful contractions C) transmit electrical impulses D) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid E) All of the answers are correct.
B
The epithelium lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is ________. A) stratified squamous B) simple columnar C) stratified columnar D) simple squamous E) None of the answers are correct.
B
The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions. A) reticular B) dense irregular C) periosteal D) areolar E) elastic
B
Which membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry? A) hypodermis B) cutaneous membrane C) deep fascia D) subserous fascia E) synovial membrane
B
What is also known as the basement membrane?
Basal Lamina
An epithelium always has an exposed surface, which is referred to as the ________ surface. A) basal B) lateral C) apical D) intercellular E) basolateral
C
The connective tissue type that has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid matrix is called ________. A) cartilage B) reticular tissue C) blood D) lymph E) osseous tissue
C
Unicellular exocrine glands are ________. A) mixed exocrine glands B) connected to a surface by ducts C) also called goblet cells D) arranged in a secretory sheet E) None of the answers are correct.
C
Connective tissue can form
Connective tissue proper (CTP) and Special connective tissue
What is the difference for connective tissue proper? What are the two types of connective tissue proper
Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance -Loose connective tissues, Dense connective tissues -Loose connective tissue has more ground substance than Dense connective tissue
Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions called ________. A) sarcolemmae B) intermuscular fascia C) soma D) intercalated discs E) striations
D
In epithelial tissues ________. A) cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced B) cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues C) extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells E) the organelles and other cytoplasmic components are evenly distributed between the exposed and attached surfaces of the epithelial cells
D
Loose connective tissue layers that lie between deep fascia and serous membranes, and line body cavities is called ________. A) superficial fascia B) intermuscular fascia C) subcutaneous layer D) subserous fascia E) hypodermis
D
Mucous membranes ________. A) line the ventral body cavities that are enclosed B) keep connective tissue surfaces moist at all times C) are lined by stratified epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens E) None of the answers are correct.
D
The superficial fascia, also called the ________, is the layer of loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. A) cutaneous fascia B) dermis C) intermuscular fascia D) subcutaneous layer E) reticular lamina
D
When a local injury or infection damages or destroys connective tissues, the ________ respond by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, or other connective tissue cells. A) resting macrophages B) fibrocytes C) mucoid connective tissue D) mesenchymal cells E) mast cells
D
Which of the following exclusively describes stratified epithelia? A) They consist of a single cell layer. B) They always have a free surface exposed to some inner chamber or passageway. C) They are avascular. D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
________ epithelia are quite rare; they are found lining the ducts of sweat glands and in larger ducts of some other exocrine glands, such as mammary glands. A) Simple cuboidal B) Simple squamous C) Stratified columnar D) Stratified cuboidal E) Stratified squamous
D
A transitional epithelium ________. A) provides specialized protection along the pharynx, urethra, and anus B) is a simple epithelium whose exposed epithelial cells typically possess cilia C) is usually found where mechanical stresses are severe D) provides limited protection and occurs in regions where absorption and secretion occur E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without damaging the component cells
E
Epithelia ________. A) provide sensation B) control permeability C) protect surfaces D) produce specialized secretions E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Epithelial cells usually have ________. A) a basal lamina B) unevenly distributed organelles C) apical and basolateral plasma membranes with different associated proteins and functions D) an exposed apical surface E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Features of smooth muscle tissue include ________. A) its exclusive location in the heart B) multiple nuclei (usually) for each cell C) the presence of striations D) intercalated discs and multinucleated E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities
E
Functions of connective tissue include ________. A) establishing a structural framework for the body B) transporting fluid and dissolved materials from one body region to another C) protecting delicate organs D) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Neural tissue is characterized by ________. A) extremely long cells B) cells with branching processes C) neuroglia with varied functions D) the ability to transmit electrical impulses E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Neuroglia ________. A) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue B) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid C) provide nutrients to neurons D) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and provide nutrients to neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Synovial membranes ________. A) consist of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by a basal lamina B) consist of a cellular layer complete with tight junctions between adjacent cells C) cover the entire surface of the body and consist of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue that is reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue D) are comprised of areolar tissue component called lamina propria and often lined by simple epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions E) contain "epithelial cells" derived from macrophages and fibroblasts of the adjacent connective tissue
E
Which epithelial feature, functions in providing a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue? A) basolateral surface B) apical surface C) reticular lamina D) intercellular connections E) basal lamina
E
Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue? A) mesenchymal cells B) fibroblasts C) eosinophils D) mast cells E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Which of the following comprises a list of the most closely related connective tissue types? A) adipose tissue, tendon, blood, lymph, bone B) elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, skin C) tendon, blood, lymph, reticular tissue D) areolar tissue, tendon, bone, cartilage E) reticular tissue, areolar, adipose tissue
E
Which of the following consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous or cuboidal cells? A) superficial fascia B) cutaneous membrane C) sarcolemma D) mucous membrane E) synovial membrane
E
Which of the following describes the major function of serous membranes? A) Each consists of a mesothelium supported by dense connective tissue. B) They line body cavities that communicate with the exterior. C) They are loosely attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover. D) Their parietal and visceral portions never touch. E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction.
E
Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type? A) Epithelial B) Connective C) Muscle D) Neural E) None of the answers are correct.
E
Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface? A) simple squamous B) simple cuboidal C) stratified columnar D) stratified cuboidal E) pseudostratified columnar
E
________ tissue provides a supporting framework of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. A) Dense irregular B) Areolar C) Adipose D) Elastic E) Reticular
E
Two types of epithelial glands
Exocrine: secrete products into ducts that open on a surface Endocrine: secrete products into tissue fluid or blood
(True/False) Endocrine secretions are discharged, often through a duct, onto the surface of the skin or on the epithelial lining of an internal passageway that communicates with the exterior.
F
(True/False) Exocrine secretory products (hormones) are released, via exocytosis from the gland cells, into the fluid surrounding the cells.
F
(True/False) Multiple layers of cells, found where mechanical stresses are severe, are called simple cuboidal epithelium.
F
(True/False) Transitional cells are relatively tall, slender cells with nuclei in a narrow band close to the basement membrane.
F
What are Merocrine Glands
Secreting product via exocytosis (releasing) E.g., salivary glands
What are the classifications of arranged epithelium cell layers? Draw a picture
Simple, Pseudostratified and Stratfied
Describe simple epithelium and whats its used for
Single layer of cells that is used for secretion/absorption
Described psuedostratified epithelium
Single layer of that appears to be one layer due to the irregular shape
What are some types of Muscle Tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
What are the classification of cell shapes? Draw a picture and explain each.
Squamos (Flattened), Cuboidal (Cube shaped), Columar (Columnar) and Transitonal (Shape changes)
What is the structure, function and location of Elastic connective tissue
Structure: Does not have collagen elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts Functions: provide elasticity Locations: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
What is the structure, function and location of Areolar connective tissue
Structure: Loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes Function: hold skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles Location: digestive, respiratory & urinary tract; BV's, nerves & joints; around & between skeletal & smooth muscles; hypodermis of skin
What is the structure, function and location of Adipose connective tissue
Structure: Mostly adipocytes (think fat cells) Functions: store energy, insulation, cushions joints, support Location: hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints, abdominal membrane, surface of heart
What is the structure, function, and location of a transitional
Structure: Multiple layers, can change shape Function: Expansion and recoil without tearing Location (places that stretch): Urinary bladder, Renal pelvis
What is the structure, function, and location of a stratified cuboidal
Structure: Multiple layers, hexagonal shaped boxes Function: Secretion Location: Rare; sweat gland ducts
What is the structure, function, and location of a stratified columnar
Structure: Multiple layers, hexogonal column-shaped cells Function: Protection, secretion Location: Rare; pharynx, epiglottis, anus, glands
What is the structure, function, and location of a simple cuboidal
Structure: One layer, hexogonal box-shaped cells Function: Absorption (moving into the cell), secretion, limited protection Location: Glands, ducts, kidney tubules
What is the structure, function, and location of a simple columnar
Structure: One layer, hexogonal column-shaped cells Function: Protection, absorption, secretion Location: Stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes
What is the structure, function, and location of a pseudostratified columnar
Structure: One layer, multi-shaped cells (different shaped), nuclei at varied heights Function: Protection, secretion Location: Respiratory tract, male reproductive tract
What is the structure, function and location of smooth muscle?
Structure: Short tapered cells, Uninucleated, Non-striated, Involuntary, Can divide & regenerate Location: lines tracts, BV's & hollow organs Function: involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems
What is the structure, function, and location of a stratified squamous
Structure: Thin, flat, irregular cells and multiple layers Function: Protection against frequent abrasion Location (Abrasive environment): Skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
What is the structure, function and location of Reticular connective tissue
Structure: fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3-D web Function: support tissue in walls of organs Location: lymphoid organs, liver & spleen
What is the structure, function and location of skeletal muscle?
Structure: large cylindrical muscle fibers, Multinucleated, Striated, has satellite cells Function: Voluntary control of skeleton, controls opening into digestive system, heat generation Location: skeletal muscles (with connective/nervous tissue)
What is the structure, function, and location of a simple squamous
Structure: one layer thin and flat Function: Diffusion, Secretion Location: Serous membrane, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys
What is the structure, function and location of Dense Regular connective tissue
Structure: primary collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space Function: Reinforces structures in one direction Location: tendons & ligaments (because it is mad to be pulled in one direction)
What is the structure, function and location of Dense Irregular connective tissue
Structure: same as regular except no pattern Function: Reinforces in several directions Locations: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs (made to be pulled in multiple directions)
(True/False) Apocrine secretion occurs when gland cells shed the apical portion of their cytoplasm, which has become packed with secretory vesicles.
T
(True/False) Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage are called tendons.
T
(True/False) Cuboidal cells resemble little hexagonal boxes, which appear square in typical sectional views.
T
(True/False) Holocrine secretion occurs when a gland cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts apart; the secretion is released and the cell dies.
T
(True/False) In merocrine secretion, secretory products are released from gland cells through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell.
T
(True/False) Relatively long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells are characteristic of skeletal muscle cells.
T
(True/False) The tough but somewhat flexible material that covers the articular surfaces within synovial joints is hyaline cartilage.
T
Three sides of polarity for epithelial cells
basal side, lateral side and apical side
What are the functions connective tissue
bind structures, support & protection, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, transport fluids & dissolved materials (technically anything the blood does so does the connective tissue)
Epithelial tissue general characteristics
covers all body surfaces, cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration
Function of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, sensation and secretion
types of multicellular exocrine glands
secretory sheets multicellular simple gland multicellular compound gland
Unicellular exocrine glands
single cell; aka. goblet cell
Histology
study of tissues
What are the types of Fluid Connective Tissue
~Blood -Connective tissue with a liquid matrix = the plasma -Cell types = red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets -Provide clotting, immune functions, carry O2 and CO2 ~Lymph -Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels
What are the major fiber types of Connective tissue proper
~Collagen fibers (25% of protein in your body, tough, resistant to pull, strong not stiff,) -formed from the protein collagen -found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments ~Elastic fibers -not made of collagen made by proteins elastin and fibrillin -Strechy -Found in the lungs, blood vessels, skin ~Reticular fibers -formed from protein collagen as well -thin, branched (network-like) fibers that form framework of organs spleen and lymph nodes, basal lamina
