Anatomy Chapter 6 Vocab Words
Nutrient Artery
near the center of the diaphysis; passes through a hole in compact bone
Demineralization
the loss of calcium and other minerals from bone extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts
a large, multinuclear cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix
Osteocytes
a mature bone cell that maintains the daily activities of bone tissue
Central (Haversian) Canals
a microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissure. a circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon (haversian system) of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves; also called an haversian canal
Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone; also called Volkmann's canal
Greenstick Fracture
a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not yet fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
Lacunae
a small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie
Periosteal Arteries
accompanied by nerves that enter the diaphysis through many perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone
Epiphyseal Veins
accompany the epiphyseal arteries and exit in the epiphyses
Metaphyseal Veins
accompany the metaphyseal arteries and exit in the epiphyses
Periosteal Veins
accompany the periosteal arteries ad exit in the periosteum
Osseous Tissue
another name for bone tissue
Osteogenesis
another name for ossification
Fracture
any break in a bone
Interstitial Lamellae
areas between osteons; fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth
Intramembranous Ossification
bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes
Endochondral Ossification
bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
Spongy Bone Tissue
bone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of tin plates of bone tissue called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone marrow; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the epiphyses (ends) of long bones
Compact Bone Tissue
bone tissue that contains few spaces between osteons (haversian systems); forms the external portion of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones; is found immediately deep to the periosteum and external spongy bone
Open (compound) Fracture
breaks through the skin
Osteoblasts
cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts
Calcification
deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens; also called mineralization
Closed (simple) Fracture
doesn't break through the skin
Epiphyseal Arteries
enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses
Metaphyseal Arteries
enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses
Appositional Growth
growth at the outer surface; results in an increase in thickness
Interstitial Growth
growth from within; results in an increase in length
Articular Cartilage
hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces
Trabeculae
irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue; fibrous cord of connective tissue serving as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule
Stress Fracture
not full breaks in the bone and are small, microscopic fissures in the bone
Impacted Fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
Nutrient Veins
one or two accompany the nutrient artery and exit in the diaphysis
Resorption
process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood
Metaphysis
region of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing bone
Diaphysis
the long shaft of a bone
Concentric Lamellae
rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk
Parathyroid Hormone
secreted by the parathyroid glands
Canaliculi
small channels or canals, as in bones, where they connect lacunae
Osteogenic Cells
stem cell derived from mesenchyme that has mitotic potential and the ability to differentiate into an osteoblast
Bone Deposition
the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
Osteons (Haversian systems)
the basic unit of structure i adult compact bone, consisting of a central canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
Comminuted Fracture
the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments; most difficult fracture to treat
Cartilage Model
the chondroblasts secrete cartilage extracellular matrix; consists of hyaline cartilage
Periosteum
the covering of a bone that consists of connective tissue, osteogenic cells, and osteoblasts; is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
Epiphysis
the end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter than the diaphysis
Nutrient Foramen
the hole that the nutrient artery goes through
Epiphyseal Plate
the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone; site of lengthwise growth of long bone
Endosteum
the membrane that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity of bones, consisting of osteogenic cells and scattered osteoclasts
Bone Remodeling
the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Ossification
the process by which bone forms
Bone Resorption
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Ossification Center
the site where mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate
Medullary Cavity
the space within the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow; also called the marrow cavity
Calcitonin
when blood Ca2+ rises above normal, parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete this
Epiphyseal Line
when the epiphyseal plate fades, leaving a bony structure