Anatomy Chapter 6 Vocab Words

Nutrient Artery

near the center of the diaphysis; passes through a hole in compact bone

Demineralization

the loss of calcium and other minerals from bone extracellular matrix

Osteoclasts

a large, multinuclear cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix

Osteocytes

a mature bone cell that maintains the daily activities of bone tissue

Central (Haversian) Canals

a microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissure. a circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon (haversian system) of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves; also called an haversian canal

Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal

a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone; also called Volkmann's canal

Greenstick Fracture

a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not yet fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material

Lacunae

a small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie

Periosteal Arteries

accompanied by nerves that enter the diaphysis through many perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone

Epiphyseal Veins

accompany the epiphyseal arteries and exit in the epiphyses

Metaphyseal Veins

accompany the metaphyseal arteries and exit in the epiphyses

Periosteal Veins

accompany the periosteal arteries ad exit in the periosteum

Osseous Tissue

another name for bone tissue

Osteogenesis

another name for ossification

Fracture

any break in a bone

Interstitial Lamellae

areas between osteons; fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth

Intramembranous Ossification

bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes

Endochondral Ossification

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme

Spongy Bone Tissue

bone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of tin plates of bone tissue called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone marrow; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the epiphyses (ends) of long bones

Compact Bone Tissue

bone tissue that contains few spaces between osteons (haversian systems); forms the external portion of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones; is found immediately deep to the periosteum and external spongy bone

Open (compound) Fracture

breaks through the skin

Osteoblasts

cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts

Calcification

deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens; also called mineralization

Closed (simple) Fracture

doesn't break through the skin

Epiphyseal Arteries

enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses

Metaphyseal Arteries

enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses

Appositional Growth

growth at the outer surface; results in an increase in thickness

Interstitial Growth

growth from within; results in an increase in length

Articular Cartilage

hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

Trabeculae

irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue; fibrous cord of connective tissue serving as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule

Stress Fracture

not full breaks in the bone and are small, microscopic fissures in the bone

Impacted Fracture

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

Nutrient Veins

one or two accompany the nutrient artery and exit in the diaphysis

Resorption

process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood

Metaphysis

region of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing bone

Diaphysis

the long shaft of a bone

Concentric Lamellae

rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk

Parathyroid Hormone

secreted by the parathyroid glands

Canaliculi

small channels or canals, as in bones, where they connect lacunae

Osteogenic Cells

stem cell derived from mesenchyme that has mitotic potential and the ability to differentiate into an osteoblast

Bone Deposition

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

Osteons (Haversian systems)

the basic unit of structure i adult compact bone, consisting of a central canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

Comminuted Fracture

the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments; most difficult fracture to treat

Cartilage Model

the chondroblasts secrete cartilage extracellular matrix; consists of hyaline cartilage

Periosteum

the covering of a bone that consists of connective tissue, osteogenic cells, and osteoblasts; is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

Epiphysis

the end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter than the diaphysis

Nutrient Foramen

the hole that the nutrient artery goes through

Epiphyseal Plate

the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone; site of lengthwise growth of long bone

Endosteum

the membrane that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity of bones, consisting of osteogenic cells and scattered osteoclasts

Bone Remodeling

the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Ossification

the process by which bone forms

Bone Resorption

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Ossification Center

the site where mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate

Medullary Cavity

the space within the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow; also called the marrow cavity

Calcitonin

when blood Ca2+ rises above normal, parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete this

Epiphyseal Line

when the epiphyseal plate fades, leaving a bony structure