anatomy exam 1
what 4 nerves are CNS (central nervous system)
Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes
clinical significance of brain tumors
-can grow in several locations -location causes different symptoms -look for compromised nerves like bad eye focus
what are the 3 functions of the meninges
1. Cover and protect the CNS. 2. enclose and Protect blood vessels that supply CNS 3. contain cerebrospinal fluid
microglia (4 functions)
1. phagocytes-the macrophages of the CNS 2. engulf invading microorganims and dead neurons 3. derive from blood cells called monocytes 4.migrate to CNS during embryonic fetal periods
Astrocytes (6 functions)
1. sense neurons release glutamate 2. extract blood from capillaries 3.take up and release ions 4.invloved in synapses formation of tissue 5.produce molecules for neuronal growth 6.propgate calcium signals involved in memory
Extraocular Muscles of the Eye (6)
1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3- inferior oblique 4- medial rectus 5- superior oblique 6- lateral rectus
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
how many bones in eye
7
Muscles of the face are referred to as mimetic. These muscles are responsible for expressions. These muscles are ALL innervated by which of the following?
A. Facial nerve
Which type of burn causes blisters? A. 1st degree B. 2nd degree C. 3rd degree D. All burns cause blisters6
B. 2nd degree
what is the innervation of the medial rectus
CN III oculomotor
medial pterygoid (jaw) innervation
CN5
lateral pterygoid i(in jaw) nnvervation
CN5 (trigeminal nerve)
temporalis innervation (think temple)
CN5 trigeminal nerve
what is the innervation of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and medial rectus
CNIII Oculomotor nerve
what is the innervation of the lateral rectus muscle and superior oblique muscle
CNIV Trochlear
According to the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to the
CNS
zygomatic arch innervation
CNV trigimeal
what innervation for salivary glads (hint it's 2)
CNVII and CNIX facial and Glossopharyngeal
Blood Supply to the Head and Neck
Common carotids: Vertebral arteries Posterior cerebral arteries
When the body is in the Anatomically correct position, the palms of the hands are facing ______. A. Medially B. Laterally C. Posteriorly D. Anteriorly
D. anteriorly
Which of the following is the most superficial layer of skin? A. Dermis B. Hypodermis C. Hyperdermis D. Epidermis
D. epidermis
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? A. Blood B. Bone C. Adipose D. Neuron
D. neuron
Which of the following is NOT considered a suprahyoid muscle? A. Digastric B. Stylohyoid C. Geniohyoid D. Sternohyoid
D. sternohyoid
CN7
Facial (sensory and motor)
cleft lip
Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes ----visible on outside
CN9
Glossopharyngeal Sensory and motor
CN3
Oculomotor motor
CN1
Olfactory sensory
thyroxin
Produced by the thyroid gland and controls the body's metabolic rate
paravertebrals (3)
Rectus Capitis, Logus Capitis and Longus Colli.
what is apart of the PNS (6)
Satellite cells schwann cells nerves endoneurium perineurium epineurium
schwann cells
Surround all axons in PNS; form myelin sheath around axon of the PNS
How is CSF recycled back into the blood?
Through the dural sinuses via the sagittal sinus
All muscles of mastication are innervated by?
Trigeminal Nerve 3 branches ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
what is the sensory innervation of face?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
tensor tympani is innervated by what nerve and branch
Trigeminal nerve, CN 5 mandibular branch
CN5
Trigeminal, Mastication, facial sensation (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions), Sensory and Motor
CN4
Trochlear motor eye
CN8
Vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and balance
Horner's syndrome
a result of something else such as damaged nerve one eyelid is down and pupil weird
CN6
abducens nerve motor eye
Superior vs. Inferior
above vs below
CN11
accessory motor
what is hydrocephalus and how is it caused
accumulation of excess CSF in the spaces of the brain caused by over production or lack of reabsorption
what are paranasal sinuses
air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities
Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?
between arachnoid and pia mater
nerves (PNS or CNS?)
cable like organs in PNS 1. most nerves contain myelinated and unmyelinated sensory and axons 2. consits of numerous axons wrapped in connective tissue
When blood calcium concentration is HIGH, _______ is secreted from the thyroid to sequester (store) it within bone.
calcitonin
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
choroid plexus
organ of hearing
cochlea
perineurim ( nerve )
connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle PNS
Direct and consensual light reflex
constriction of ipsilateral and contralateral pupil when a light is shone into one eye. It shows the function of CN III and also the optic pathway. These reflexes may be lost in head trauma etc. Pupillary dilation due to CNIII palsy may be due to tumors, aneurysms...
disal vs. proximal
disal is farther from connecting point ex. ankle is distal to knee (because it is farther from hip) proximal is closer ex. knee is proximal to ankle
How is CSF produced?
ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
mimetic muscles scalp
epicranial aponeurosis temporalis facial expression like shock
epineurium is the
external connective surrounding nerve trunk
stapeduis muscle (in ear) is innervated by
facial nerve also is the smallest muscle in the body
what nerve controls all mimetic muscles
facial nerve CN VII
Osteoclasts are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix (we also refer to bone matrix as simply bone). true or false If false was is the right answer
false is it osteocytes
parathyroid glands
four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland produce parahormone that controls P and Ca2+
Anterior vs. Posterior
front vs back
unpaired bones in skull
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
what muscles control tongue movement? innervated by?
genioglossus hypoglossus styloglossus innervated by CN12 Hypoglossal
what are nerve fascicles
groups of axons bound into bundles PNS
chronic swimmers ear leads to
hyperplasia and a narrowing of meatus
CN12
hypoglossal, motor, tongue
myringotomy
incision into the tympanic membrane
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
what is meningitis, how it caused and treated?
inflammation of the meninges bacterial is treated with antibiotics and can be vaccinated against
Endoneurium
layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon PNS
ependymal cells
line central cavity of the spinal cord and brain also have cilia to help the cerebrospinal fluid move CNS
Where is the infrahyoid? what is the innervation?
middle of neck innervated by cervical ansa C1-C3
mimetic muscles
muscles of facial expression
Where is the sternocleidomastoid? what is the innvervation?
onside of jaw behind ear lifts head --accessory nerve CNIX glossopharyngeal
CN2
optic nerve sensory
where is the saliva released and by what duct?
oral cavity and parotid (stensens duct)
mimetic muscles of eye
orbicularis oculi (worry and concern) corrugator supercilli (thinking expression)
mimetic muscles mouth
orbucularis oris (sucking) buccinator (enables air to be blown out) zygomaticus major (angle of mouth laughter) zygomatic minor (nasolabial groove) risorius (makes nasolabial folds) levator labii superioris (confidence) Depressor anguli oris (downwards sadness ) Depressor labii inferioris (pulls lower lip down perseverance) Mentalis (doubt) Platysma (tenses skin in neck)
what is the vestibular apparatus and what does it consists of
organ of balance 3 semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
When blood calcium concentration is LOW, _______ is secreted from the parathyroid
parathyroid hormone
paired bones in skull (has a partner)
parietal and temporal
what are the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
what type of cleft palate is more popular
posterior
calcitonin
produced by thyroid gland and contrls Ca2+ metabolism
cataract
progressive loss of opacity of the lens of the eye
3 types of CNS neurons
sensory motor interneurons
Microglia
smallest and least abundant glial CNS
satellite cells
surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
what condition is otis externa
swimmers ear infection of outer ear before tymapni
what is TMJ
temporomandibular joint pain in jaw
How could the facial artery and cavernous sinus be involved in the development of encephalitis or meningitis?
the facial artery drains into dorsal nasal artery coming from the ophthalmic artery are connected to capillaries that pull in pathogens and dead cells. the ophthalmic vein drains into cavernous sinus which is inside the cranium
cleft palate
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus ---not visible from outside -anterior or posterior
Astrocytes
the most abundant glial cell type in CNS
what and where is the Lacrimal Apparatus:
the structures that produce, store, and remove tears located anterolateral
rostral vs caudal
towards the head vs towards the tail
most common congenital malformation of head
unilateral cleft lip
CN10
vagus nerve sensory and motor
Where is the choroid plexus located?
ventricles (lateral)
Oligodendroctyes
wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS PRODUCE myelin sheaths in CNS
