anatomy exam 1

what 4 nerves are CNS (central nervous system)

Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes

clinical significance of brain tumors

-can grow in several locations -location causes different symptoms -look for compromised nerves like bad eye focus

what are the 3 functions of the meninges

1. Cover and protect the CNS. 2. enclose and Protect blood vessels that supply CNS 3. contain cerebrospinal fluid

microglia (4 functions)

1. phagocytes-the macrophages of the CNS 2. engulf invading microorganims and dead neurons 3. derive from blood cells called monocytes 4.migrate to CNS during embryonic fetal periods

Astrocytes (6 functions)

1. sense neurons release glutamate 2. extract blood from capillaries 3.take up and release ions 4.invloved in synapses formation of tissue 5.produce molecules for neuronal growth 6.propgate calcium signals involved in memory

Extraocular Muscles of the Eye (6)

1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3- inferior oblique 4- medial rectus 5- superior oblique 6- lateral rectus

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

how many bones in eye

7

Muscles of the face are referred to as mimetic. These muscles are responsible for expressions. These muscles are ALL innervated by which of the following?

A. Facial nerve

Which type of burn causes blisters? A. 1st degree B. 2nd degree C. 3rd degree D. All burns cause blisters6

B. 2nd degree

what is the innervation of the medial rectus

CN III oculomotor

medial pterygoid (jaw) innervation

CN5

lateral pterygoid i(in jaw) nnvervation

CN5 (trigeminal nerve)

temporalis innervation (think temple)

CN5 trigeminal nerve

what is the innervation of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and medial rectus

CNIII Oculomotor nerve

what is the innervation of the lateral rectus muscle and superior oblique muscle

CNIV Trochlear

According to the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to the

CNS

zygomatic arch innervation

CNV trigimeal

what innervation for salivary glads (hint it's 2)

CNVII and CNIX facial and Glossopharyngeal

Blood Supply to the Head and Neck

Common carotids: Vertebral arteries Posterior cerebral arteries

When the body is in the Anatomically correct position, the palms of the hands are facing ______. A. Medially B. Laterally C. Posteriorly D. Anteriorly

D. anteriorly

Which of the following is the most superficial layer of skin? A. Dermis B. Hypodermis C. Hyperdermis D. Epidermis

D. epidermis

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? A. Blood B. Bone C. Adipose D. Neuron

D. neuron

Which of the following is NOT considered a suprahyoid muscle? A. Digastric B. Stylohyoid C. Geniohyoid D. Sternohyoid

D. sternohyoid

CN7

Facial (sensory and motor)

cleft lip

Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes ----visible on outside

CN9

Glossopharyngeal Sensory and motor

CN3

Oculomotor motor

CN1

Olfactory sensory

thyroxin

Produced by the thyroid gland and controls the body's metabolic rate

paravertebrals (3)

Rectus Capitis, Logus Capitis and Longus Colli.

what is apart of the PNS (6)

Satellite cells schwann cells nerves endoneurium perineurium epineurium

schwann cells

Surround all axons in PNS; form myelin sheath around axon of the PNS

How is CSF recycled back into the blood?

Through the dural sinuses via the sagittal sinus

All muscles of mastication are innervated by?

Trigeminal Nerve 3 branches ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

what is the sensory innervation of face?

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

tensor tympani is innervated by what nerve and branch

Trigeminal nerve, CN 5 mandibular branch

CN5

Trigeminal, Mastication, facial sensation (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions), Sensory and Motor

CN4

Trochlear motor eye

CN8

Vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and balance

Horner's syndrome

a result of something else such as damaged nerve one eyelid is down and pupil weird

CN6

abducens nerve motor eye

Superior vs. Inferior

above vs below

CN11

accessory motor

what is hydrocephalus and how is it caused

accumulation of excess CSF in the spaces of the brain caused by over production or lack of reabsorption

what are paranasal sinuses

air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

between arachnoid and pia mater

nerves (PNS or CNS?)

cable like organs in PNS 1. most nerves contain myelinated and unmyelinated sensory and axons 2. consits of numerous axons wrapped in connective tissue

When blood calcium concentration is HIGH, _______ is secreted from the thyroid to sequester (store) it within bone.

calcitonin

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

choroid plexus

organ of hearing

cochlea

perineurim ( nerve )

connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle PNS

Direct and consensual light reflex

constriction of ipsilateral and contralateral pupil when a light is shone into one eye. It shows the function of CN III and also the optic pathway. These reflexes may be lost in head trauma etc. Pupillary dilation due to CNIII palsy may be due to tumors, aneurysms...

disal vs. proximal

disal is farther from connecting point ex. ankle is distal to knee (because it is farther from hip) proximal is closer ex. knee is proximal to ankle

How is CSF produced?

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

mimetic muscles scalp

epicranial aponeurosis temporalis facial expression like shock

epineurium is the

external connective surrounding nerve trunk

stapeduis muscle (in ear) is innervated by

facial nerve also is the smallest muscle in the body

what nerve controls all mimetic muscles

facial nerve CN VII

Osteoclasts are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix (we also refer to bone matrix as simply bone). true or false If false was is the right answer

false is it osteocytes

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland produce parahormone that controls P and Ca2+

Anterior vs. Posterior

front vs back

unpaired bones in skull

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

what muscles control tongue movement? innervated by?

genioglossus hypoglossus styloglossus innervated by CN12 Hypoglossal

what are nerve fascicles

groups of axons bound into bundles PNS

chronic swimmers ear leads to

hyperplasia and a narrowing of meatus

CN12

hypoglossal, motor, tongue

myringotomy

incision into the tympanic membrane

glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

what is meningitis, how it caused and treated?

inflammation of the meninges bacterial is treated with antibiotics and can be vaccinated against

Endoneurium

layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon PNS

ependymal cells

line central cavity of the spinal cord and brain also have cilia to help the cerebrospinal fluid move CNS

Where is the infrahyoid? what is the innervation?

middle of neck innervated by cervical ansa C1-C3

mimetic muscles

muscles of facial expression

Where is the sternocleidomastoid? what is the innvervation?

onside of jaw behind ear lifts head --accessory nerve CNIX glossopharyngeal

CN2

optic nerve sensory

where is the saliva released and by what duct?

oral cavity and parotid (stensens duct)

mimetic muscles of eye

orbicularis oculi (worry and concern) corrugator supercilli (thinking expression)

mimetic muscles mouth

orbucularis oris (sucking) buccinator (enables air to be blown out) zygomaticus major (angle of mouth laughter) zygomatic minor (nasolabial groove) risorius (makes nasolabial folds) levator labii superioris (confidence) Depressor anguli oris (downwards sadness ) Depressor labii inferioris (pulls lower lip down perseverance) Mentalis (doubt) Platysma (tenses skin in neck)

what is the vestibular apparatus and what does it consists of

organ of balance 3 semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

When blood calcium concentration is LOW, _______ is secreted from the parathyroid

parathyroid hormone

paired bones in skull (has a partner)

parietal and temporal

what are the 3 salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

what type of cleft palate is more popular

posterior

calcitonin

produced by thyroid gland and contrls Ca2+ metabolism

cataract

progressive loss of opacity of the lens of the eye

3 types of CNS neurons

sensory motor interneurons

Microglia

smallest and least abundant glial CNS

satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

what condition is otis externa

swimmers ear infection of outer ear before tymapni

what is TMJ

temporomandibular joint pain in jaw

How could the facial artery and cavernous sinus be involved in the development of encephalitis or meningitis?

the facial artery drains into dorsal nasal artery coming from the ophthalmic artery are connected to capillaries that pull in pathogens and dead cells. the ophthalmic vein drains into cavernous sinus which is inside the cranium

cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus ---not visible from outside -anterior or posterior

Astrocytes

the most abundant glial cell type in CNS

what and where is the Lacrimal Apparatus:

the structures that produce, store, and remove tears located anterolateral

rostral vs caudal

towards the head vs towards the tail

most common congenital malformation of head

unilateral cleft lip

CN10

vagus nerve sensory and motor

Where is the choroid plexus located?

ventricles (lateral)

Oligodendroctyes

wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS PRODUCE myelin sheaths in CNS