Anatomy Exam 1- appendicular skeleton

anatomical features of the radius

he radius is thin proximally and large distally. The radius is the major articulation with the carpal bones. The ulna barely articulates with some carpal bones. The radial tuberosity is a bone projection on the proximal radius and it's the attachment site for the biceps muscle.

the hip bone is formed by what bones

Ilium Forms the superior region of the hip bone. Ischium Forms the posteroinferior region of the hip bone. Pubis Forms the anterior region of the hip bone.

what are the projections of the scapula

The coracoid process is an anteriorly projected process near the glenoid cavity on the superior scapular border. It is the attachment for a couple of arm muscles. The posterior surface of the scapula has a large spine that ends on a flat projection, the acromion, which articulates with the clavicle. The scapular spine divides the dorsal surface of the scapula into the supraspinous ("above the spine") and infraspinous ("below the spine") fossa.

bones of the leg and what they articulate with

The leg is the region between the knee and ankle. Its two bones are the tibia and fibula. The tibia is medial and is the weight-bearing bone of the leg. The fibula is lateral and does not bear weight, but it is the origin of several muscles. Like in the forearm, the tibia and fibula are connected by a strong interosseous membrane. Proximally, the tibia articulates with the condyles of the femur (the fibula does not contributes to the knee joint). Distally, the tibia articulates with the talus bone of the foot (one of the tarsal bones). The fibula helps stabilize the ankle joint through the lateral malleolus. The tibia also helps through the medial malleolus.

What is the pectoral girdle?

The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) is composed of a clavicle and scapula; specialized for mobility and attach the upper limbs to the bony thorax.

pelvic girdle consists of

The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) attaches the lower limbs to the spine of the axial skeleton and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis. The pelvic girdle consists of the paired coxal bones (hip bones) and sacrum.

anatomical features of the ulna

The proximal end of the ulna has a large projection, the olecranon (the funny bone), which serves as an attachment point of the triceps muscle (major elbow extensor). The ulna is the major articulation with the humerus. The radius barely articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The ulna is larger proximally than distally. Distally, the ulna narrows into a thin head.

What is the upper limb composed of?

The upper limb (extremity) is made up of 30 bones and forms the arm, forearm, and hand; it is specialized for mobility. Arm The humerus is the single bone of the arm, or brachium. Forearm Two parallel long bones, the radius and ulna, form the skeleton of the forearm or antebrachium. Hand The skeleton of the hand includes the eight carpals of the wrist; the palm consists of five metacarpals; the digits consist of 14 small long bones called phalanges.

The names and locations of all 30 bones of the lower limb,

30 bones compose the lower limb; it is specialized for weight bearing and locomotion. The thigh is formed by the femur The leg is formed by the tibia and the fibula The foot is formed by 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges.

bones of the wrist

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

pelvis

the hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx of the spinal column

hamate bone

the wrist bone in line with the 4th and 5th fingers

what are the anatomical features of the humerus

At proximal end, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid joint of the scapula. At distal end, the humerus articulates with the radius and the ulna through two condyles. The medially located condyle is the trochlea that articulates with the ulna. The laterally located condyles is called the capitulum and articulates with the radius. The two distal condyles have two lateral projections called epicondyles ("beside the condyles") and they are attachment sites for forearm muscles. Inferior to the head of the humerus, there is a small constriction, the anatomical neck. Slightly inferior to that there is a surgical neck, the place where most commonly fractured. On the posterior aspect of the distal humerus, there is the olecranon fossa, a large fossa required to fit the olecranon (a projection of ulna) while the elbow is extended.

what is the clavicle, where is it located, and what does it articulate with

The S-shaped clavicle (collarbone) functions as a brace for the shoulder; it also provides sites for muscle attachments. Clavicles articulate with the sternum of the axial skeleton as well as the scapulae.

what are the scapulae, where are they located, and what do they articulate with

Thin, flat triangular bones. The scapula articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle and with the head of the humerus. Each scapula has three borders and three angles. Borders: medial, lateral, and superior. Angles: lateral (glenoid cavity), inferior, and superior.

Bones of the hand and wrist

carpals8 metacarpals5, phalanges14

Bones of the foot and ankle

seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges of the toes. The tarsal bones make up the posterior half of the foot. [***no need to remember the names of the tarsal bones***]. The metatarsus is formed from five metatarsals numbered I-V (medial to lateral). Each of the phalanges has a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx, except the great toe, which has only a proximal and distal phalanx.

describe the anatomical features of the forearm

the radius and the ulna, form the forearm. The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial. Both bones are articulated through a proximal and a distal radio-ulnar joints. The bones are also attached through a thick ligament, the interosseous membrane, that helps transfer forces from the radius into the ulna.

anatomical features of the femur

single bone of the thigh strongest bone in the body Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis. Distally, the medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the tibia. Anteriorly, the condyles are separated by the patellar surface, which articulates with the patella, or knee cap. The patella is a floating bone that serves as an attachment site for powerful knee extensor muscles. Posteriorly, the condyles are separated by a deep intercondylar fossa, which is an attachment site for important ligaments that stabilize the knee joint (we'll look into these details later). The femur has a series of protuberances and projections that serve as attachment sites for muscles. Proximally we can find the greater and lesser trochanters, and distally we find the medial and lateral epicondyles.