anatomy exam 2

Structure of intervertebral disc

Nucleus pulpasus: soft inner, jelly- like structure. It's a resilient shock absorber. Anulus fibrosus: keeps the nucleus pulpous in place and joins the vertebrae

. Hip joint

Pelvic bone is composed of three bones ilium, ischium, and pubis. All 3 bones contribute to the deep socket on the lateral which along with femur forms the hip joint.

infants

most bone marrow is red because their rapid rate of growth requires a constant supple of new blood cells

Facial

nasal, lacrimal, zygotic bones, lacrimal fossa, zygotic arch.

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone which surrounds a hollow cavity called the medullary cavity; where much bone marrow of a long bone is housed

what forms knuckles

small bone shafts called phalanges line up to form each finger/ thumb. Main knuckle joints are formed by phalanges and metacarpals coxal bone; articulate posteriorly with the sacrum (consist of hip/ pelvic)

anular ligament binds head of radius to neck of ulna

stabilizes radical head Knee

Ligament

strand of dense, regular, collagenous connective tissue; links one bone to another; provides additional strength and reinforcements to a joint

tendons

structural components of skeletal muscle; composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue and connects muscle to bone

66. fibrous joints

subclasses- suture- immoveable joints between edges of bones that make up the cranium ( or the brain); fully fused sutures are very stable, well suited for protecting brain Gomphosis- immoveable joint between each tooth and its bony socket in jaw; periodontal ligament is a strong fibrous membrane that links tooth firmly to jaw bone. syndesmosis- joint between tibia, fibula, ulna, and radius; interosseous membrane or ligament composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue, which allows for small amount of movement

Functions of skeletal system

support, movement, protection blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation

Radial collateral ligament ( lateral collateral ligament)

supports lateral side of joint

ulnar collateral ligament ( medial collateral ligament

supports medial side of joint

tendon sheaths

also provide stabilization force in high stress regions long cursa that surronds tendons; protects tendons as they slide across joint during movement

epiphysis

are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) which allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints

humeroradial joint

articulation between capitulum of humerus and head of radius

tibiofemoral joint

articulation between femoral and tibial condyles

patellofemoral joint

articulation between posterior surface of patella and anterior patellar surface of femur

posterior-

between the developing parietal and occipital bones.

articular cartilage

composed of a thick layer of hyaline cartilage; covers all exposed articulating bones within a joint provides a smooth surface for articulating bones to interact; reduces wear and tear created by friction, illustration of structure- function core principle avascular because isolated within capsule; relies on synovial fluid for oxygen, nutrients and waste removal

tibial collateral ligament( medial collateral)-

connects femur, medial meniscus and tibia to one another to provide medial joints stabilization; prevents tibia from shifting too far laterally on femur

names of veterbrae in regions of veterbal column

7 cerrical vertebrae- located in neck 12 thoracic vertebrae- articulate with ribs 5 lumbar vertebrae- in the lower back 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae- most inferior end of the vertebral column.

medial and lateral meniscus

C-Shaped fibrocartilaginous pads found between femoral and tibial condyles; provide shock absorption and stability to knee joint

name of depression in a bone

Facet- shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate Fossa- Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits. Forea- shallow pit Groove (Sulcus)- Long indentation which a narrow structure travels Canal ( meatus)- tunnel through a bone Fissure- narrow slit in bone of between adjacent parts or bones. Foramen- hole in bone condyle- Rounded end of a bone that on with another bone crest: ridge or projection head- rounded projection from a bones epiphysis Tubercle/Tuberosity- small rounded bony projection; a tuberosity is large tube epicondyle- small projection usually proximal to condyle. Process: prominent bony projection: spine: sharp process Protuberance: out growth from a bone Trochanter: larger projection found only Femur. Line: long, narrow ridge

mandible

The inferior jaw bone and the only moveable bone of the adult skull, hyoid: A small, C-shaped bone in the superior neck.

Names of thumb and big toe

Thumb: pollax and Big Toe: hallux

Sphenoid

Which are located in the temple on the right/ left side where the sphenoid

Sutures of the skull and bone joined by these structures

coronal suture: border with the frontal bone sagittal suture: border between 2 parietal bones lamboid suture: border with entering the occipital bone squamos suture: borders with temporal bones

Patellar ligament

distal continuation of quadriceps tendon; connects distal patella to anterior tibia

neck

distal to the head (page 250-251)

Glenoid labrum

fibrocartilaginous ring; increases depth of glenoid cavity to provide more stability o this multi axial joint

there are 3 types of joints

fibrous joints- fastened together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue without a joint space between articulating bones; can be synarthroses or amphiarthroses suture- immoveable joint between edges of bones that make up cranium; fully fused sutures are very stable, well suited for protecting brain gomphosis- immoveable joint between each tooth and its bony socket in law; periodontal ligament is a strong fibrous membrane that links tooth firmly to jaw bone sydesmosis- joint between tibia, fibula, ulna, and radius; bones are joined by an interosseous membrane or ligament composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue, which allows for small amount of movement Cartilaginous joints- fastened together with cartilage without a joint space; can be synarthroses or amphiarthroses synovial joints- diarthrosis joints have a layer of hyaline cartilage on articulating surface of each bone; joint space is a fluid-filled cavity found between articulating bones

Shoulder joint

formed by the glenoid cavity along with the humerus.

Cribi form plate

forms the roof of the nasal cavity. Tiny nerves that detect small pass through the cribriform (olofactory) foramina form nasal cavity to the brain

Cranial

frontal squama, supraorbital foramen, glabella, supraorbital margin, superior wall of orbit.

movements of synovial joint

gliding movements- gliding is a sliding motion between articulating surfaces that is non axial angular movements- increase or decrease angle between articulating bones flexion- decreases angle between articulating bones by bringing bones closer to one another extension- increases angle between articulating bones, is opposite of flexion; articulating bone move away from one another hyperextension- extension beyond anatomical position of joint abduction- motion of a body part away from midline of body of another reference point adduction- motion of a body part towards midline of body or another reference point; opposite of abduction circumduction- only unpaired angular movement where a freely moveable distal bone moves on a fixed proximal bone in a cone-shaped motion; combination of flexion-extension and abduction- adduction rotation- nonangular motion in which one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis ( for more look at slides 43-51)

Adult

have limited red bone marrow because they are not actively growing and do not need hematopoesis to occur as rapidly as it does in young children

Structure of c1 (atlas):

immediately recognized by its larger, teardrop shaped vertebral for ( look for answer yourself)

Angular movements

increase or decrease angle between articulating bones - flexion- decreases angle between articulating bones by bringing bones closer to one another Extension- increases angle between articulating bones, is opposite of flexion; articulating bone move away from one another Hyperextension- extension beyond anatomical position of joint Abduction- motion of a body part away from midline of body of another reference point Adduction- motion of a body part towards midline of body or another reference point; opposite of abduction Circumduction- only unpaired angular movement where a freely moveable distal bone moves on a fixed proximal bone in a cone-shaped motion; combination of flexion-extension and abduction- adduction Rotation- nonangular motion in which one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis (for more look at slides 43-51)

Structures of Ischium

ischial Body, along with theilium form part of the acetabulum (posterior) Ischia rumus: along with the pubis, forms part of the obturator foramen.

humeroulnar joint

larger of two joints; articulation between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Structure of femur

largest/ strongest bone in the body head- which articulates with the acetabulum to help stabilize hip joints

Anterior

located between the developing frontal parietal bones

bone shape and locations

long bones- humerus, or upper arm short bones- wrists and ankles flat bones- skull, clavicles (collar bone), ribs, sterum, and pelvis irregular bones- vertebrae and certain skull bones sesamoid bones- patella (knee cap)

Bones that house teeth

mandible, maxillae, zygoma, nasal, and frontal.

how the classification of joints according the motions and around the axes

nonaxial joints- allow motion to occur in one more planes without moving around an axis uniaxial joints- allow motion around only one axis biaxial joints- allow motion around two axes multiaxial (triaxial) joints- allow motion around three axes

Longitudinal growth

occurs not from division of osteocytes or other bones cells, but from the division of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate

Shoulder ( glenohumeral joint)

one of the articulations of pectoral girdle, connects upper extremity with axial skeleton; composed of ball-shaped head of humerus and glenoid cavity on lateral scapula

special movements

opposition and reposition- opposition of thumb at first carpometacarpal joint allows thumb to move across palmar surface of hand; reposition is opposite movement that returns thumb to its anatomical position depression and elevation- depression is movement of a body part in an inferior direction while elevation moves a body part in a superior direction protraction and retraction- protraction moves a body part in an anterior direction; retraction moves a body part in posterior direction inversion and eversion- inversion is a rotational motion in which plantar surface of foot rotates medially towards midline of body; eversion rotates foot laterally away from midline. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion- dorsiflexion is a movement where angle between foot and leg decreases; angle between foot and leg increases during plantarflexion supination and pronation- rotational movements of wrist and ankle regions

compostion of osseous ecm

osseous ECM makes bone strong and contributes equally to its strength; bone becomes flexible and unable to resist compression

know the paranasal sinuses; fontanels

paranasal sinuses: sinuses within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. They are adjacent to the nasal cavity. They are lined up in the mucous membrane. Frontanels: results from ossifications of cranial bones.

functions of synovial joints

plane joint ( gliding joint)- most simple and last mobile articulation between flat surface of two bones hinge joint- convex articular surface of one bone interacts with concave depression of a second bones; allow for uniaxial movement pivot joint- rounded end surface of one bone fits into a groove surface of a second bone, allowing for uniaxial movements in which one bone pivots of rotates around other condylar or ellipsoid joint- biaxial joint where oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a shallow, concave articular surface of a second bone. saddle joint- each bone's articulating surface has both a concave and convex region; allows a great deal of motion for a biaxial joint Ball- and-socket joint- multi axial articulation in which articulating surface of one bone in spherical and fits into a cup-shaped depression in second bone; allows for a wide range of motion in all three available axes

Function of the skeletal system

protection mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis blood cell formation fat storage movement support

functions of articular cartilages

provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation causes an immediate increase in interstitial fluid pressure responsbile for viscoelasticity

biceps brachii tendon

provides a stabilizing force as it passes over joint; helps keep head of humerus within glenoid cavity

Positions of radius/ ulna

radius: narrow proximally and becomes progressively broader as we move distally ulna: wide proximally and narrow distally

Cartilagonous joint

synchondrosis- consists of bones linked together by byline cartilage; examples are synarthroses Epiphyseal plates- composed of hyaline cartilage that connects diaphyses and epiphyses of developing long bones; replaced with bones during maturation first sternocostal and costochondral- joints are synchondroses that persist into adulthood Symphysis- joint where bones are united by a fibrocartilaginous pad or plug; functionally an amphiarthrosis

Bursa

synovial fluid- filled fibrous structure helps to minimize friction between all moving parts associated with joints

Bones of the upper limb

the upper limb consists of 30 bones including the humorous, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bone, and phalanges.

know how the periosteum is anchored to bones

they have osteoblasts and are cuboidal to columnar cells in its inner periosteum

synovial fluid

think liquid with the following 3 main functions provides lubrication- reduces friction between articulating surfaces of a joint serves a metabolic function; provides a means for transportation of nutrients and waste products in absence of blood vessels within joint provides for shock absorption; help to evenly distribute stress and force placed on articular surfaces during movement

Arches of foot

transverse arch- runs along middle of foot medial- runs along the lateral side of the calcaneus to metatarsals IV and v.

Elbow

very stable hinge joint; composed of two articulations and three strong ligaments that support articular capsule

Hip ( coxal joint)-

very stable, multi axial articulation between acetabulum and ball-shaped head of femur, anatomical features make it stable enough for its weight-bearing responsibilities.

mastoid

which are located at the junction of the lamboid/ squamous sutures

supination vs. pronation

you hold cup of soup when your hand is supinated and you pour it out when your hand pronates