Test Bank Patho 1

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

Secondary prevention

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is

hypertrophy

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be

idiopathic

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the

latent period

Cystic fibrosis is a single gene disorder that primarily affects

lungs and pancreas

In DNA replication DNA polymerase functions to (Select all that apply.)

match appropriate bases to the template base. proofread the newly developed DNA for errors in base pairing.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis

Huntington disease primarily affects the _____ system.

neurologic

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

The risk period for maternal rubella infection leading to congenital problems begins

prior to conception.

Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply.)

producing exotoxins producing endotoxins producing destructive enzymes evoking an immune reaction

Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely to be a component of

protein

Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of this disease, because

symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of

synthesizing proteins

The parents of a child with PKU are concerned about the risk of transmitting the disorder in future pregnancies. The correct assessment of the risk is

each child has a 25% chance of being affected.

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due to

efflux of potassium from the cell. The Na+-K+ pump maintains cellular volume via osmotic pressure and helps to maintain resting membrane potential. Calcium influx prolongs the action potential. Influx of sodium initiates depolarization.

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling.

endocrine

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct responses would include all the following except PKU

results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention; includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.

Socioeconomic factors influence disease development due to (Select all that apply.)

via exposure to environmental toxins (occupational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over- or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is not influenced by socioeconomic factors.

Males are more likely than females to be affected by ________ disorders.

x linked

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

Which tissue type is categorized as epithelial?

Blood vessel endothelium

etiology

Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process.

Your patient's red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply.)

Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count. Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have

Voltage-gated channels; they respond to changes in membrane potential and are responsible for conducting action potentials. Receptors for neurotransmitters allow neurotransmitters to bind to the cell membrane but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells. Tight junctions are intercellular connections that help segregate proteins on the cell membrane and are not involved in conducting action potentials. Ligand-gated channels respond to binding of a signaling molecule such as a neurotransmitter, but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells.

Calcium channel blocker drugs are often used to treat conditions associated with (Select all that apply.)

cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

An important difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle is that

cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry.

The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is ________.

catabolism

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

decreased blood viscosity.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decreases

The primary role of genes is to

direct the synthesis of proteins.

Protein synthesis involves (Select all that apply.)

direction from mRNA. nucleotide triplets. RNA Polymerase removal of introns from the DNA template.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol due to impaired ________ of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

endocytosis

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.)

enter the host cell use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate do not produce toxins

Somatic death refers to death

entire organism

Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.)

exotoxins. endotoxins. self-destruction of cells. enzymes from white blood cells.

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would

increase in extracellular potassium hypopolarizes the cell (makes it less negative) because more K+ ions stay inside the cell owing to the reduced concentration gradient. Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (makes it more negative) is caused by a decrease in extracellular potassium. Hyperpolarization due to a decrease in extracellular potassium makes it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. The threshold for action potential does not change with a change in extracellular potassium.

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it

increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply

The benefit of glycolysis is that this phase supplies

pyruvate to the citric acid cycle of cellular metabolism, which then produces much ATP. Glycolysis only produces 2 ATP modules, which is insufficient for energy needs. Glycolysis does not supply energy for oxidative phosphorylation. Lactate produced during prolonged anaerobic conditions builds up and can lead to lactic acidosis, which is an undesirable outcome.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by

the difference in potassium ion concentration across the membrane. Extracellular sodium helps to maintain cell volume and resting membrane potential but it is not the primary determinant. Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels help to initiate an action potential. Channels are not linked to an energy source; ions flow passively across the cell membrane.

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during

the first trimester (3-9 weeks)

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for

tissues requiring synchronized function.

Approximately what percentage of the human DNA chromosomes code for proteins?

1%

periods of infection

Incubation (latent) refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.

Characteristics of cellular differentiation include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Specialization for different functions Influenced by memory of developmental events Generally not reversible

GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) function to

activate specific target enzymes within the cell and these enzymes then produce second messenger molecules that trigger specific intracellular function. Membrane-bound G-protein channels are a component of the cell membrane; they do not activate other receptors on the extracellular surface. G-proteins do not degrade second messengers, but instead produce these. G-proteins do not synthesize ATP.

The primary factor associated with risk of Down syndrome is

advanced maternal age

Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include

all daughters of affected fathers' being carriers

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are

amphipathic

Characteristics of smooth muscle include

being found in blood vessels.

The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues is due to

expression of tissue-specific genes.

Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU includes

failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation.

The cellular response indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism is

intracellular acumulations

Reperfusion injury to cellsReperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals.

a point mutation

involves the substitution of a single base pair.

Characteristics of Marfan syndrome include that it (Select all that apply)

is a single-gene disorder. involves alterations in connective tissue. leads to skeletal and joint deformities. results in dangerous cardiovascular disorders.

PKU

is not a chromosome abnormality, but instead a single-gene abnormality often referred to as inborn errors of metabolism.

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease) anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to _____ acidosis.

lactic

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

Characteristics of stem cells include that they (Select all that apply.)

may differentiate into any type of cell. have greater capacity to proliferate than more differentiated cells. are dependent upon environmental cues for proliferation. can die in the absence of an appropriate environment.

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the

mitochondria

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention; Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed

sensitivity

Johnny was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3° F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical stage

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except

temperature changes