Chapter 1: Taking Charge of Your Health

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The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is also known as:

"Obamacare"

What are the current 3 leading causes of death for Americans?

-Heart disease -cancer -lower respiratory diseases

________ and _________ barriers, along with racism and discrimination, can also prevent people from receiving appropriate health services.

-Language -cultural

_______ and _________ rates from common infectious diseases were much higher 150 years ago.

-Morbidity -mortality

At the federal level in the US, what are the agencies charged with promoting the public's health?

-National Institutes of Health (NIH) -Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Health Concerns for Asian Americans

-Southeast AA: higher rates of smoking and lung cancer -Vietnamese: higher rates of cervical cancer

Qualities and Behaviors of Spiritual Wellness

-capacity for love -compassion -forgiveness -altruism -joy and fulfillment -caring for others -sense of meaning and purpose -sense of belonging to something greater than oneself

Qualities and Behaviors of Interpersonal Wellness

-communication skills -capacity for intimacy -ability to establish and maintain satisfying relationships -ability to cultivate a support system of friends and family

Qualities and Behaviors of Cultural Wellness

-creating relationships with those who are different from you -maintaining and valuing your own cultural identity -avoiding stereotyping based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual orientation

What are some strategies of boosting self-efficacy?

-develop an internal locus of control -using visualization and self-talk -getting encouragement from supportive people

What caused the life expectancy to nearly double in 1980?

-development of vaccines and antibiotics -water purification -sewage treatment -lower infant mortality rates

What are the 4 main trends seen among all chronic diseases?

-diet -inactivity -smoking -alcohol use

Qualities and Behaviors of Physical Wellness

-eating well -exercising -avoiding harmful habits -practicing safer sex -recognizing symptoms of disease -getting regular checkups -avoiding injuries

Qualities and Behaviors of Occupational Wellness

-enjoying what you do -feeling valued by your manager -building satisfying relationships with coworkers -taking advantage of opportunities to learn and be challenged

Examples of Social Health Determinants

-ethnicity -education level -economic status

What are different ways that you can serious about your health?

-examine your current health habits -choose a target behavior -learn about your target behavior -find help

Health Concerns for Latinos

-gallbladder disease -obesity -diabetes -lack of health insurance

Qualities and Behaviors of Financial Wellness

-having a basic understanding of how money works -living within one's means -avoiding debts, especially for unnecessary items -saving for the future and for emergencies

Qualities and Behaviors of Environmental Wellness

-having abundant, clean natural resources -maintaining sustainable development -recycling whenever possible -reducing pollution and waste

Factors that influence wellness are:

-health habits -heredity/family history -environment -access to health care -personal health behaviors

Coverage of "Obamacare"

-health plans can no longer deny or limit benefits due to preexisting conditions -if you are under 26, you may be eligible to be covered under your parent's plan -insurers can no longer cancel your coverage due to honest mistakes in your application -if your plan denies payment, you have the right to appeal

The leading causes of death in 2010 due to chronic diseases are:

-heart disease -cancer -chronic airway disease -cerebrovascular disease -all accidents

Health Concerns for African Americans

-high BP -stroke -diabetes -asthma -obesity -men: prostrate cancer

The leading causes of death in 1900 due to infectious diseases were:

-influenza/pneumonia -tuberculosis -gastrointestinal infections -heart disease -cerebrovascular disease

What is the life expectancy in the US? What are the proportions of healthy life to impaired life?

-life expectancy: 78.8 years -healthy life: 69.0 years -impaired life: 9.8 years

Costs of "Obamacare"

-lifetime dollar limits are not permitted on most benefits you receive -insurance companies must publicly justify rate hikes -premium dollars must be spent on health care

Environment Health Determinants

-natural environments -human-made environments

What contributes to the onset of chronic diseases?

-obesity -poor eating habits -poor lifestyle habits

Qualities and Behaviors of Intellectual Wellness

-openness to new ideas -capacity to question -ability to think critically -motivation to master new skills -sense of humor -creativity -curiosity -lifelong learning

Qualities and Behaviors of Emotional Wellness

-optimism -trust -self-esteem -self-acceptance -self-confidence -ability to understand and accept one's feelings -ability to share feelings with others

Why do health disparities exist?

-poverty -low educational attainment

Care with "Obamacare"

-recommended preventive health services are covered with no copayment -from your plan's network, you can choose the primary care doctor -you can seek ER care at a hospital outside the health plan's network

The NIH is more ________ oriented and the CDC is more ____/______ oriented.

-research -goal/action

Examples of Lifestyle Choices

-smoking -alcohol use -exercising -eating a healthful diet

Health Concerns for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Americans

-smoking -obesity

What are the key contributors (and their percentages) to deaths among Americans?

-tobacco: 18.3% -diet/activity patterns: 15.2% -alcohol consumption: 3.4%

What are the leading causes of death among Americans between 15-24 years of age?

-unintentional injuries: 41.1% -suicide: 17.6% -homicide: 14.4%

What does health care provide?

-vaccinations -screenings -treatment and medication

What are the 4 Healthy People 2020 national health objectives?

1. eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death 2. achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups 3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all 4. promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across every stage of life

Errors in our genes are responsible for about ____ clearly hereditary conditions.

3500

The new law that requires most people to obtain health insurance or pay a federal penalty is the:

Affordable Care Act

What ethnic/minority group has a higher infant mortality rate and lower rates of suicide and osteoporosis?

African Americans

What ethnic/minority group has lower death rates from heart disease, stroke, and cancer than the general population?

American Indians and Alaska Natives

What ethnic/minority group has lower rates of coronary heart disease and obesity?

Asian Americans

The nation's health protection agency that saves lives, protects people from health, safety and security threats is the:

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

______ encompasses how people identify themselves and also the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for them.

Gender

______ is the overall condition of the body or mind and the presence/absence of illness/injury.

Health

_______ ______ reports set national health goals based on 10-year agendas.

Healthy People

What nationwide initiative envisions "a society in which all people live long, healthy lives" and proposes the eventual achievement of national health objectives?

Healthy People 2020

____________ wellness is essential because it detects problems, finds solutions and directs behavior.

Intellectual

What ethnic/minority group on average has lower rates of heart disease, cancer, and suicide than the general population?

Latinos

When was "Obamacare" signed into law?

March 23, 2010

Example of a Gender Issue

Men are less likely to visit their physicians for regular exams

Example of a Sex Issue

Men are more biologically likely than women to suffer from certain diseases

The agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services that is the world's foremost medical RESEARCH CENTERS is the:

National Institute of Health (NIH)

What ethnic/minority group has a higher overall death rate than the general public and a higher rates of diabetes and asthma?

Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Americans

_____________ wellness refers to the level of happiness and fulfillment you gain through your work.

Occupational

____-________ is the belief in your ability to take action and perform a specific task.

Self-efficacy

___ refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men, women and intersex people.

Sex

True/False. Genetic alterations only serve to increase an individual's risk and the disease itself results from the interaction of many genes with other factors.

True

________ expands the idea of good health to include living a rich, meaningful and energetic life and is determined largely by the conscious decisions we make about how we live.

Wellness

What is a risk factor?

a condition that increases your chances of disease or injury

A lifestyle management process that involves cultivating healthy behaviors and working to overcome unhealthy ones is known as:

behavior change

In order to change a behavior, you must believe that:

benefits of change outweigh the costs

A disease that develops and continues over a long period, such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes is called a:

chronic disease

The leading causes of death in the US have transitioned from infectious diseases to what?

chronic diseases

What are lifestyle choices?

conscious behaviors that can increase or decrease a person's risk of disease or injury

Health Concerns for American Indians and Alaska Natives

early death from causes linked to smoking and alcohol use

What dimension of wellness is dynamic and involves the "ups and downs" of living?

emotional wellness

What dimension of wellness is defined by the livability of your surroundings?

environmental wellness

People who believe that factors beyond their control determine the course of their lives have an ________ locus of control.

external

What are health determinants?

factors that affect the health of individuals, demographic groups, or entire populations

The BASIC UNIT of heredity, containing chemical instructions for producing a specific protein is a:

gene

The complete set of genetic material in an individual's cells is called a:

genome

What can be determined or influences by factors beyond our conscious control (genes, age, and family history)?

health

Adequate ______ ____ helps improve both quality and quantity of life through preventative care and the treatment of disease.

health care

Healthy People 2020 emphasizes the importance of ______ ____________.

health determinants

A health difference linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantage that adversely affects a group of people is called a:

health disparity

Under ACA, ______ _________ facilitate the purchase of health insurance in every state.

health exchanges

The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health is:

health promotion

A higher physical wellness equals a _______ level of physical wellness.

higher

Poor health of Americans can lead to an ________ life.

impaired

An __________ disease is a disease that can spread from person to person, caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.

infectious

The leading causes of death in 1900 were mainly:

infectious diseases

People who believe that they are in control of their lives have an ________ locus of control.

internal

What dimension of wellness requires participating in and contributing to your community and to society?

interpersonal/social wellness

The period of time a member of a given population is expected to live is:

life expectancy

A __________ ______ is a conscious behavior that can increase or decrease a person's risk for disease/injury.

lifestyle choice

The extent to which a person believes he or she has control over the events in his/her life is called the:

locus of control

How can people increase or decrease their risks for developing chronic diseases?

modifying their lifestyle choices

The relative incidence of disease among a population is known as:

morbidity rate

The number of deaths in a population in a given period, usually expressed as a ratio is the:

mortality rate

Americans aged 15-24 have the most unintentional injuries due to:

motor vehicle accidents: 24.2%

What dimension of wellness includes your body's overall condition, the presence/absence of disease, fitness level and ability to care for yourself?

physical wellness

What dimension of wellness helps a person focus on the positive aspects of life and finds spirituality to be an antidote for negative feelings?

spiritual wellness

A ______ behavior is an isolated behavior selected as the object for a behavior change program.

target

What is impaired life?

the period of a person's life when he or she may not be able to function fully due to disease or disability

What are the goals of health promotion?

to improve and prevent disease

What refers to the optimal health and vitality - to living life to its fullest?

wellness

Groups with the highest poverty rates and least education have the ______ health status.

worst


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