Chapter 1: Taking Charge of Your Health
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is also known as:
"Obamacare"
What are the current 3 leading causes of death for Americans?
-Heart disease -cancer -lower respiratory diseases
________ and _________ barriers, along with racism and discrimination, can also prevent people from receiving appropriate health services.
-Language -cultural
_______ and _________ rates from common infectious diseases were much higher 150 years ago.
-Morbidity -mortality
At the federal level in the US, what are the agencies charged with promoting the public's health?
-National Institutes of Health (NIH) -Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Health Concerns for Asian Americans
-Southeast AA: higher rates of smoking and lung cancer -Vietnamese: higher rates of cervical cancer
Qualities and Behaviors of Spiritual Wellness
-capacity for love -compassion -forgiveness -altruism -joy and fulfillment -caring for others -sense of meaning and purpose -sense of belonging to something greater than oneself
Qualities and Behaviors of Interpersonal Wellness
-communication skills -capacity for intimacy -ability to establish and maintain satisfying relationships -ability to cultivate a support system of friends and family
Qualities and Behaviors of Cultural Wellness
-creating relationships with those who are different from you -maintaining and valuing your own cultural identity -avoiding stereotyping based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual orientation
What are some strategies of boosting self-efficacy?
-develop an internal locus of control -using visualization and self-talk -getting encouragement from supportive people
What caused the life expectancy to nearly double in 1980?
-development of vaccines and antibiotics -water purification -sewage treatment -lower infant mortality rates
What are the 4 main trends seen among all chronic diseases?
-diet -inactivity -smoking -alcohol use
Qualities and Behaviors of Physical Wellness
-eating well -exercising -avoiding harmful habits -practicing safer sex -recognizing symptoms of disease -getting regular checkups -avoiding injuries
Qualities and Behaviors of Occupational Wellness
-enjoying what you do -feeling valued by your manager -building satisfying relationships with coworkers -taking advantage of opportunities to learn and be challenged
Examples of Social Health Determinants
-ethnicity -education level -economic status
What are different ways that you can serious about your health?
-examine your current health habits -choose a target behavior -learn about your target behavior -find help
Health Concerns for Latinos
-gallbladder disease -obesity -diabetes -lack of health insurance
Qualities and Behaviors of Financial Wellness
-having a basic understanding of how money works -living within one's means -avoiding debts, especially for unnecessary items -saving for the future and for emergencies
Qualities and Behaviors of Environmental Wellness
-having abundant, clean natural resources -maintaining sustainable development -recycling whenever possible -reducing pollution and waste
Factors that influence wellness are:
-health habits -heredity/family history -environment -access to health care -personal health behaviors
Coverage of "Obamacare"
-health plans can no longer deny or limit benefits due to preexisting conditions -if you are under 26, you may be eligible to be covered under your parent's plan -insurers can no longer cancel your coverage due to honest mistakes in your application -if your plan denies payment, you have the right to appeal
The leading causes of death in 2010 due to chronic diseases are:
-heart disease -cancer -chronic airway disease -cerebrovascular disease -all accidents
Health Concerns for African Americans
-high BP -stroke -diabetes -asthma -obesity -men: prostrate cancer
The leading causes of death in 1900 due to infectious diseases were:
-influenza/pneumonia -tuberculosis -gastrointestinal infections -heart disease -cerebrovascular disease
What is the life expectancy in the US? What are the proportions of healthy life to impaired life?
-life expectancy: 78.8 years -healthy life: 69.0 years -impaired life: 9.8 years
Costs of "Obamacare"
-lifetime dollar limits are not permitted on most benefits you receive -insurance companies must publicly justify rate hikes -premium dollars must be spent on health care
Environment Health Determinants
-natural environments -human-made environments
What contributes to the onset of chronic diseases?
-obesity -poor eating habits -poor lifestyle habits
Qualities and Behaviors of Intellectual Wellness
-openness to new ideas -capacity to question -ability to think critically -motivation to master new skills -sense of humor -creativity -curiosity -lifelong learning
Qualities and Behaviors of Emotional Wellness
-optimism -trust -self-esteem -self-acceptance -self-confidence -ability to understand and accept one's feelings -ability to share feelings with others
Why do health disparities exist?
-poverty -low educational attainment
Care with "Obamacare"
-recommended preventive health services are covered with no copayment -from your plan's network, you can choose the primary care doctor -you can seek ER care at a hospital outside the health plan's network
The NIH is more ________ oriented and the CDC is more ____/______ oriented.
-research -goal/action
Examples of Lifestyle Choices
-smoking -alcohol use -exercising -eating a healthful diet
Health Concerns for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Americans
-smoking -obesity
What are the key contributors (and their percentages) to deaths among Americans?
-tobacco: 18.3% -diet/activity patterns: 15.2% -alcohol consumption: 3.4%
What are the leading causes of death among Americans between 15-24 years of age?
-unintentional injuries: 41.1% -suicide: 17.6% -homicide: 14.4%
What does health care provide?
-vaccinations -screenings -treatment and medication
What are the 4 Healthy People 2020 national health objectives?
1. eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death 2. achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups 3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all 4. promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across every stage of life
Errors in our genes are responsible for about ____ clearly hereditary conditions.
3500
The new law that requires most people to obtain health insurance or pay a federal penalty is the:
Affordable Care Act
What ethnic/minority group has a higher infant mortality rate and lower rates of suicide and osteoporosis?
African Americans
What ethnic/minority group has lower death rates from heart disease, stroke, and cancer than the general population?
American Indians and Alaska Natives
What ethnic/minority group has lower rates of coronary heart disease and obesity?
Asian Americans
The nation's health protection agency that saves lives, protects people from health, safety and security threats is the:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
______ encompasses how people identify themselves and also the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for them.
Gender
______ is the overall condition of the body or mind and the presence/absence of illness/injury.
Health
_______ ______ reports set national health goals based on 10-year agendas.
Healthy People
What nationwide initiative envisions "a society in which all people live long, healthy lives" and proposes the eventual achievement of national health objectives?
Healthy People 2020
____________ wellness is essential because it detects problems, finds solutions and directs behavior.
Intellectual
What ethnic/minority group on average has lower rates of heart disease, cancer, and suicide than the general population?
Latinos
When was "Obamacare" signed into law?
March 23, 2010
Example of a Gender Issue
Men are less likely to visit their physicians for regular exams
Example of a Sex Issue
Men are more biologically likely than women to suffer from certain diseases
The agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services that is the world's foremost medical RESEARCH CENTERS is the:
National Institute of Health (NIH)
What ethnic/minority group has a higher overall death rate than the general public and a higher rates of diabetes and asthma?
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Americans
_____________ wellness refers to the level of happiness and fulfillment you gain through your work.
Occupational
____-________ is the belief in your ability to take action and perform a specific task.
Self-efficacy
___ refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men, women and intersex people.
Sex
True/False. Genetic alterations only serve to increase an individual's risk and the disease itself results from the interaction of many genes with other factors.
True
________ expands the idea of good health to include living a rich, meaningful and energetic life and is determined largely by the conscious decisions we make about how we live.
Wellness
What is a risk factor?
a condition that increases your chances of disease or injury
A lifestyle management process that involves cultivating healthy behaviors and working to overcome unhealthy ones is known as:
behavior change
In order to change a behavior, you must believe that:
benefits of change outweigh the costs
A disease that develops and continues over a long period, such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes is called a:
chronic disease
The leading causes of death in the US have transitioned from infectious diseases to what?
chronic diseases
What are lifestyle choices?
conscious behaviors that can increase or decrease a person's risk of disease or injury
Health Concerns for American Indians and Alaska Natives
early death from causes linked to smoking and alcohol use
What dimension of wellness is dynamic and involves the "ups and downs" of living?
emotional wellness
What dimension of wellness is defined by the livability of your surroundings?
environmental wellness
People who believe that factors beyond their control determine the course of their lives have an ________ locus of control.
external
What are health determinants?
factors that affect the health of individuals, demographic groups, or entire populations
The BASIC UNIT of heredity, containing chemical instructions for producing a specific protein is a:
gene
The complete set of genetic material in an individual's cells is called a:
genome
What can be determined or influences by factors beyond our conscious control (genes, age, and family history)?
health
Adequate ______ ____ helps improve both quality and quantity of life through preventative care and the treatment of disease.
health care
Healthy People 2020 emphasizes the importance of ______ ____________.
health determinants
A health difference linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantage that adversely affects a group of people is called a:
health disparity
Under ACA, ______ _________ facilitate the purchase of health insurance in every state.
health exchanges
The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health is:
health promotion
A higher physical wellness equals a _______ level of physical wellness.
higher
Poor health of Americans can lead to an ________ life.
impaired
An __________ disease is a disease that can spread from person to person, caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
infectious
The leading causes of death in 1900 were mainly:
infectious diseases
People who believe that they are in control of their lives have an ________ locus of control.
internal
What dimension of wellness requires participating in and contributing to your community and to society?
interpersonal/social wellness
The period of time a member of a given population is expected to live is:
life expectancy
A __________ ______ is a conscious behavior that can increase or decrease a person's risk for disease/injury.
lifestyle choice
The extent to which a person believes he or she has control over the events in his/her life is called the:
locus of control
How can people increase or decrease their risks for developing chronic diseases?
modifying their lifestyle choices
The relative incidence of disease among a population is known as:
morbidity rate
The number of deaths in a population in a given period, usually expressed as a ratio is the:
mortality rate
Americans aged 15-24 have the most unintentional injuries due to:
motor vehicle accidents: 24.2%
What dimension of wellness includes your body's overall condition, the presence/absence of disease, fitness level and ability to care for yourself?
physical wellness
What dimension of wellness helps a person focus on the positive aspects of life and finds spirituality to be an antidote for negative feelings?
spiritual wellness
A ______ behavior is an isolated behavior selected as the object for a behavior change program.
target
What is impaired life?
the period of a person's life when he or she may not be able to function fully due to disease or disability
What are the goals of health promotion?
to improve and prevent disease
What refers to the optimal health and vitality - to living life to its fullest?
wellness
Groups with the highest poverty rates and least education have the ______ health status.
worst