Anatomy exam 2-Bones
What are the functions of the ribs?
-attachment for muscles and ligaments -protects important internal organs
Which are true ribs
1-7
which are floating ribs
10-12
Which rib joins the sternum or manubrium as a permanent synchondrosis?
1st
which are false ribs
8-10
What is the glabella?
A depression in the frontal bone between the orbits
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?
A hole
What is the foramen magnum?
A hole in the occipital bone for the brainstem to connect with the spinal cord.
What is periosteum?
A layer of articular cartilage that covers the joints
The ear ossicles are part of what division of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton
Identify the first two cervical vertebrae, describe their unique structures, and discuss the functions these vertebrae perform in spinal mobility.
C1, Atlas, ring shaped consisting of anterior and posterior arch, holds up the skull C2, Axis, rotates head left and right, looks like most cervical vertebrae but has a projection upward called the dens.
What is another name for C1, C2, and C7?
C1, atlas C2, Axis C7, Vertebra prominens
Which vertebrae provides the greatest contribution to your flexibility in being able to shake your head "no"?
C2
What is the name of the space that runs down the middle of an osteon, through which runs nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics?
Central Canal
Identify the five vertebral regions in order, from superior to inferior.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, Coccygeal
What is another name for the heel bone? What is another name for the big toe? What is the name of the bone of the foot that joins with the tibia and fibula?
Heel bone- calcaneous Big toe- Hallux Bone of foot that joins with tibia and fibula-talus
When sitting upright, you are resting on your: a) pubic bones b) ischial tuberosity c) sacroiliac joints d) iliac crest
Ischial tuberosity
Identify the bone that articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum.
Ischium
What three bones fuse to form each os coxae?
Ischium, Illium, Pubis
What are the bones that make up the os coxae? What age do they fuse?
Ishcium, illium, pubis. they fuse at age 25
If an athlete suffers a hairline fracture at the base of the dens, what bone is fractured, and where is it located?
It is a spine fracture, and is located on the C2 vertebrae
Fluid Joint/Synovial
Joints filled with fluid
Where is the temporal fossa?
Just above the zygomatic arch
What is the name for a concentric layer of bone tissue making up an osteon?
Lamellae
What is the prominent structure at the distolateral fibula?
Lateral Malleolus
What is the lateral bone of your lower leg? How about your forearm?
Lateral bone of lower leg is fibula Lateral bone of forearm is ulna
Which vertebrae have the largest bodies?
Lumbar
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
What cell forms new bone in adults?
Osteoblasts
Which bones form the hard palate?
Palatine bones and maxillae
With which bones does the occipital bone articulate?
Parietal, temporal, and vertebrae column/spine
When kneeling, what do you put your weight on?
Patella
The head of the radius is where?
Proximal radius
What part of what bone protects the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica
extension
Straightening of a joint
What are sutures and how do they affect skull shape and growth?
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. They connect together adjacently and do not grow at all.
Mobility of Synartrhosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Synarthrosis, immobile Amphiarthrosis, slightly mobile diarthrosis, fully mobile
A saddle joint is a type of what?
Synovial joint
Which tarsal bone articulates with the leg, and which tarsal bone articulates with the metatarsals of the foot?
Talus articulates with the leg, cuboid and cuniforms articulate with the metatarsals
What connective tissue structures bind bone to muscle?
Tendon
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?
Testosterone and estrogen
Paul viewed his newborn daughter through the nursery window at the hospital and was distressed because the infant's skull was badly misshapen. You are the nurse working that shift. You tell him not to worry -the shape of the infant's head would return to normal in a few days. Explain to him what caused the misshapen skull and what anatomic feature of the neonatal skull allows it to return to a more rounded shape.
The mishappen is caused by intramemberous ossification. fontanelle allows growth of skull to take place after birth
Compare the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae. Are they part of another bone? Where in the nasal complex are they found?
They are apart of a different bone. Inferior an independent bone, while middle and superior are connected to ethmoid bone. All are found in nasal cavity.
What are the three components of the sternum, and what ribs articulate directly to the sternum?
Three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process Ribs 1-7 directly attach to the sternum
Compare the locations and functions of transverse foramina, intervertebral foramina, and the vertebral foramen.
Transverse Formina- Located in cervical vertebrae, gives passage to nerves and arteries Intervertebral foramina- opening between two spinal vertebrae, protection of the medulla spinalis Vertebral foramen- Cushion shock, between every two vertebrae where nerve roots exit spine
What is the structure that the olecranon wraps around and articulates with on the humerus?
Trochlea
How many phalanges in great toe? How many in the rest toe?
Two in great toe Three in rest toe
paranasal sinuses
air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities. They serve to reduce bone mass and thus lighten the skull, and they also add resonance to the voice
Which of the following is the correct functional classification for an intervertebral disc?
amphiarthrosis
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________.
an area of fat storage
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________.
are remnants of the original fetal curvature
What is the function of the fibula?
attachment point for muscles
flexion
bending a joint
Where are white blood cells produced?
bone marrow
The skeletal system is primarily made of ________.
bones and cartilage
What are the names of the tarsal bones?
calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, first, second, and third cuneiforms
What is an example of a short bone?
carpals and tarsals
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?
cartilage
You are given a vertebra to identify. It has a transverse foramina and bifid spinous process. Is this a cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebra?
cervical
The frontal and parietal bones articulate at the _______ suture.
coronal
Uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints are all classifications of what?
diarthroses
Which of the following is the correct functional classification of the elbow joint?
diarthrosis
Hinge joint
elbow and knee
Which of the following is a hinge joint:
elbow joint
What two bones make up the nasal septum?
ethmoid and vomer
Hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.
facilitate making blood cells
What bone shape classification do the ribs, sternum, frontal, and parietal bones belong to? How about the vertebrae?
flat bones vertebrae are irregular bones
What is ligament helps keep the carpal bones from luxating?
flexor retinaculum
What is an area in a fetal or newborn skull where the bones are attached by dense connective tissue rather than a suture joint?
fontanelle
The medical term for a broken bone is a:
fracture
7 bones that form the orbit
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid
What structural category describes the joint between a tooth and either the mandible or maxilla?
gomphosis
Bone tissue can be described as ________.
hardened connective tissue
The sternum ________.
has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
hematopoiesis
Ligament of the head of the femur
intracapsular ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the hip bone to the head of the femur
In one type of bone development, compact and spongey bone develop directly from the sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. What is this type of bone development called?
intramembranous ossification
What part of the coxal bone makes up the most posterior aspect, the part that bears weight when a person is sitting?
ischial ramus/ischium
Plane joint
joint between tarsals and carpals
The femur articulates with the tibia at the femur's ___________
knee joint
The two prominent bumps you can palpate on the sides of your ankle are the _______________________
lateral and medial malleolus
What do we call strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones together at moveable joints, or prevent excessive movement at the joint?
ligaments
acetabular labrum
lip of fibrocartilage that surrounds outer margin of the acetabulum on the hip bone
Which of these is a characteristic of female hips compared to male helps?
more rounded, larger pelvic outlet
Supination
movement that turns the palm up
What structures of the skull allow movement of the head up and down relative to their articulation with the spine?
occipital condyles
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?
osteoclasts
Which of the following are of undergoing mitosis?
osteogenic cells only
What do we call a decrease in bone mass caused when the rate of bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone production by osteoblasts, often occurring in older age?
osteoporosis
Which of these bones does NOT contribute to the orbit?
parietal
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
patella
What is the name of the bony structures that attach the arm to the axial skeleton?
pectoral girdle
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.
periosteum
What bone forms upper part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
the six types of synovial joints:
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
protection of internal organs
Starting from the epiphysis and moving towards the center of ossification, what is the order of the growth plate zones?
resting or reserve zone; proliferative zone; zone of hypertrophy; zone of calcification, zone of ossified calcium
Pivot joint
rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus
What type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________.
seven vertebrae
Ball-and-socket joint
shoulder and hip
Identify a Wormian/ sutural bone. Where is it?
skull
articular capsule
sleevelike structure around a synovical joint composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
Cartilaginous joints can be:
synarthroses or amphiarthroses
Which list contains types of fibrous joints?
syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis
The mandible articulates with the _______ bone.
temporal
cartilaginous joint
the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Which is a characteristic of the articular facets of cervical vertebrae?
they tend to be short and face superior or inferior
Most _______ vertebrae have a long spinous process that is angled inferiorly.
thoracic
Saddle Joint
thumb joint
Weight baring bone of the leg
tibia
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?
trabeculae
True or false: all synovial joints can be functionally classified as diarthroses.
true
Pronation
turning the palm downward
Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
uniaxial, motion in one plane biaxial, motion in two planes multiaxial, motion in three planes
fibrous joints
where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.
