Anatomy exam 2 (ch4)
Blood
Matrix is plasma. Elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes. Hemopoietic tissue forms blood cells. Yellow and red bone marrow
Compact bone
Osteons
"Clasts"
Break down
Parts of neurons
Cell body, axon, dendrite (receive impulses)
Holocrine gland
Cell sheds into duct
Effects of aging on tissues
Cells divide slower. Elastic fibers fragment. Changes in collagen. Injuries don't heal as well.
Tissue types
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Muscle tissue characteristics
Excitable and contracts. Moves entire body and pumps blood
Connective tissue makes up the
Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, adhesive molecules
Inorganic matrix:
Hydroxyapatite
Finrocartilage
INTERVERTEBRAL DISK! Thick collagen fibers in proteoglycans. Shock absorber. Found in pressure areas
Macrophages
Phagocytize. Fixed (stay) or wandering (amoeboid movement)
Apocrine gland
Pinched off portion
Hyaluronic acid
Polysaccharide. Lubricant of eye.
Goblet cells
Produce and secrete mucus
Epithelial stratified characteristics
Protect against abrasion
Proteoglycans
Protein and carbohydrate. Traps water
Gap junctions
Protein channels. Allow ions and small molecules to pass. Cardiac and smooth muscle. Coordinate cilia
Extra cellular matrix made of
Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
Resist stretch. Runs in single direction. Tendons and ligaments
Red bone marrow
Reticular fibers
Epithelial cuboidal and columnar characteristics
Secretion & absorption
Alveoli
Simple duct shape
Number layers of epithelial
Simple, stratified, transitional, pseudostratified
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Epithelial tissue
-VERY LITTLE extracellular matrix -body surfaces and glands -heart and blood vessels -lines body cavities and digestive & respiratory systems -avascular
Endoderm
-inner germ layer of embryo -epithelia lines digestive track
Mesoderm
-middle germ layer of embryo -forms tissue of muscle, bone, blood vessels, connective
Ectoderm
-outer germ layer of embryo -skin and nervous tissue
Protein fibers of the matrix
1) collagen: common. Strong flexible. Not stretchy 2) reticular: fill spaces. 3) elastic: stretch and recoil.
Types of cell connections
1) desmosomes/ hemidesmosomes 2) tight junctions 3) gap junctions
2 types of glands formed by epithelium?
1) endocrine: no ducts 2) exocrine: ducts
Surfaces of epithelium
1) smooth: reduce friction 2) microvilli: increase surface area 3) cilia: move materials 4) folds: organ changes shape
Adipose tissue form types?
1) yellow (white): white at birth, yellow with age. Carotenes/vitamin A stored in this. Lipid droplets. 2) brown: regulates body temp. Axillae, neck, kidneys
Types of tight junctions
1) zonula adherens: weak glue, simple epithelium 2) zonula occludens: permeability barrier, stomach & urinary bladder
Hemidesmosomes
1/2 desmosome
Embryonic tissue has???
3 germ layers
Neurons/nerve cells have the ability to produce
Action potential (AP, electrical impulses)
Yellow bone marrow
Adipose tissue
Dense irregular elastic connective tissue
Aorta (heart). Wavy blue
Skeletal muscle
Attached to skeleton. Striated, voluntary, multinucleate, long cylindrical fibers
Mast cells
Beneath membrane. Connective. Response to injury
Lateral & basal cell connections
Bind cells together, permeable
How do we study histology? 2 methods
Biopsy (removal of tissue) and autopsy (exam organs of dead body)
"Blast"
Build
Serous membrane
Called mesothelium. Lines cavities not open to exterior. Pleural, peritoneal, pericardial
Cartilage
Chondrocytes that live in lacunae. Avascular and no nerves.
Organic matrix:
Collagen fibers
Bone
Composed of osteocytes and mineralized matrix
Epithelial squamous characteristics
Diffusion or absorption
Epithelial simple characteristics
Diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption
Desmosomes
Disk shaped. Areas of stress. Sticky glycoproteins. Intermediate protein filaments. Skin cells.
Simple ducts
Ducts with few branches
Compound ducts
Ducts with many branches
Elastic cartilage
Elastic and collagen fibers. Ear
Adipose
Fat cells, connective
Adult connective tissue
Fibrous (loose and dense), supporting (cartilage and bone), fluid (blood)
Basement membrane
Formed by epithelial and connective tissue (extracellular glue) -guides cells in tissue repair
"Apical"
Free surface
Platelets
Hematophic cells for clotting
Tight junction
Holds cells together.
Adhesive molecules
Holds proteoglycans together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, finronectin for fibrous connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
KNEE! Rigid with some flexibility. Smooth surface in articulations. Principle cartilage if the body. Increases bone length
Synovial membrane
Likes freely movable joints. Hyaluronic acid.
Mucous membrane
Lines cavities that open to the outside of body. Secrete mucus. Respiratory and digestive.
"Cytes"
Maintain
Reticular tissue
Makes lymph nodes. Space between leukocytes and dendritic cells
Histology
Microscopic study of tissues
Tissue membranes:
Mucous, serous, synovial
Types of nerve cells
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of heart. Striated, INvoluntary, branched fibers
Smooth muscle
No striated and involuntary. Spindle shape. 1 nuclei
Connective tissue
Non living substance in every organ
Epithelial tissue associated with
Number of layers and shape
Acinar
Sac like duct shape
Glands purpose
Secrete
Epithelial tissue can ___ & ____
Secrete, absorb (acts as barrier)
Mesenchyme
Source if all adult connective tissue. Mesoderm. Delicate collagen fibers.
2 types of bone:
Spongy bone (cancellous) & compact bone (cortical)
Shape of epithelial
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Undifferentiated mesenchyme
Stem cells. Potential to differentiate (fibroblast)
Dense regular elastic connective tissue
Straight looking, smeary nucleus
Tubular
Straight tube shape duct
Exocrine glands classified by
Structure (unicellular goblet cells or multicellular) or method of secretion
Neuroglia
Support cells of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Schwann cells and myelin sheaths
Permanent
Tissue repair. If killed, replaced by different type of cell
Labile
Tissue repair. Mitosis
Stable
Tissue repair. No mitosis but divides after injury
Spongy bone
Trabecular network. Inside bones
Merocrine gland
Vesicle releasing contents into duct
Mucus
Whartons jelly. Umbilical cord.
What happens if skin is injured, like a splinter?
White blood cells rush to site of damage to begin repair
Leukocytes
White blood cells. Injury or infection
Secondary Union skin repair
Wound edged are not close. Big chance of infection. Clot may not close gap. Great scarring.
Primary Union skin repair
Wound edges are close together. Bloody. Clot forms. Fibrin threads contract. Scab. Pus as white cels die. Granulation tissue replace clots. Scar.
___ marrow replaces ___ marrow
Yellow, red
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
scars