Anatomy exam 2 (ch4)

Blood

Matrix is plasma. Elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes. Hemopoietic tissue forms blood cells. Yellow and red bone marrow

Compact bone

Osteons

"Clasts"

Break down

Parts of neurons

Cell body, axon, dendrite (receive impulses)

Holocrine gland

Cell sheds into duct

Effects of aging on tissues

Cells divide slower. Elastic fibers fragment. Changes in collagen. Injuries don't heal as well.

Tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Muscle tissue characteristics

Excitable and contracts. Moves entire body and pumps blood

Connective tissue makes up the

Extracellular matrix

Ground substance

Hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, adhesive molecules

Inorganic matrix:

Hydroxyapatite

Finrocartilage

INTERVERTEBRAL DISK! Thick collagen fibers in proteoglycans. Shock absorber. Found in pressure areas

Macrophages

Phagocytize. Fixed (stay) or wandering (amoeboid movement)

Apocrine gland

Pinched off portion

Hyaluronic acid

Polysaccharide. Lubricant of eye.

Goblet cells

Produce and secrete mucus

Epithelial stratified characteristics

Protect against abrasion

Proteoglycans

Protein and carbohydrate. Traps water

Gap junctions

Protein channels. Allow ions and small molecules to pass. Cardiac and smooth muscle. Coordinate cilia

Extra cellular matrix made of

Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Resist stretch. Runs in single direction. Tendons and ligaments

Red bone marrow

Reticular fibers

Epithelial cuboidal and columnar characteristics

Secretion & absorption

Alveoli

Simple duct shape

Number layers of epithelial

Simple, stratified, transitional, pseudostratified

Types of muscle tissue

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Epithelial tissue

-VERY LITTLE extracellular matrix -body surfaces and glands -heart and blood vessels -lines body cavities and digestive & respiratory systems -avascular

Endoderm

-inner germ layer of embryo -epithelia lines digestive track

Mesoderm

-middle germ layer of embryo -forms tissue of muscle, bone, blood vessels, connective

Ectoderm

-outer germ layer of embryo -skin and nervous tissue

Protein fibers of the matrix

1) collagen: common. Strong flexible. Not stretchy 2) reticular: fill spaces. 3) elastic: stretch and recoil.

Types of cell connections

1) desmosomes/ hemidesmosomes 2) tight junctions 3) gap junctions

2 types of glands formed by epithelium?

1) endocrine: no ducts 2) exocrine: ducts

Surfaces of epithelium

1) smooth: reduce friction 2) microvilli: increase surface area 3) cilia: move materials 4) folds: organ changes shape

Adipose tissue form types?

1) yellow (white): white at birth, yellow with age. Carotenes/vitamin A stored in this. Lipid droplets. 2) brown: regulates body temp. Axillae, neck, kidneys

Types of tight junctions

1) zonula adherens: weak glue, simple epithelium 2) zonula occludens: permeability barrier, stomach & urinary bladder

Hemidesmosomes

1/2 desmosome

Embryonic tissue has???

3 germ layers

Neurons/nerve cells have the ability to produce

Action potential (AP, electrical impulses)

Yellow bone marrow

Adipose tissue

Dense irregular elastic connective tissue

Aorta (heart). Wavy blue

Skeletal muscle

Attached to skeleton. Striated, voluntary, multinucleate, long cylindrical fibers

Mast cells

Beneath membrane. Connective. Response to injury

Lateral & basal cell connections

Bind cells together, permeable

How do we study histology? 2 methods

Biopsy (removal of tissue) and autopsy (exam organs of dead body)

"Blast"

Build

Serous membrane

Called mesothelium. Lines cavities not open to exterior. Pleural, peritoneal, pericardial

Cartilage

Chondrocytes that live in lacunae. Avascular and no nerves.

Organic matrix:

Collagen fibers

Bone

Composed of osteocytes and mineralized matrix

Epithelial squamous characteristics

Diffusion or absorption

Epithelial simple characteristics

Diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption

Desmosomes

Disk shaped. Areas of stress. Sticky glycoproteins. Intermediate protein filaments. Skin cells.

Simple ducts

Ducts with few branches

Compound ducts

Ducts with many branches

Elastic cartilage

Elastic and collagen fibers. Ear

Adipose

Fat cells, connective

Adult connective tissue

Fibrous (loose and dense), supporting (cartilage and bone), fluid (blood)

Basement membrane

Formed by epithelial and connective tissue (extracellular glue) -guides cells in tissue repair

"Apical"

Free surface

Platelets

Hematophic cells for clotting

Tight junction

Holds cells together.

Adhesive molecules

Holds proteoglycans together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, finronectin for fibrous connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage

KNEE! Rigid with some flexibility. Smooth surface in articulations. Principle cartilage if the body. Increases bone length

Synovial membrane

Likes freely movable joints. Hyaluronic acid.

Mucous membrane

Lines cavities that open to the outside of body. Secrete mucus. Respiratory and digestive.

"Cytes"

Maintain

Reticular tissue

Makes lymph nodes. Space between leukocytes and dendritic cells

Histology

Microscopic study of tissues

Tissue membranes:

Mucous, serous, synovial

Types of nerve cells

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

Cardiac muscle

Muscle of heart. Striated, INvoluntary, branched fibers

Smooth muscle

No striated and involuntary. Spindle shape. 1 nuclei

Connective tissue

Non living substance in every organ

Epithelial tissue associated with

Number of layers and shape

Acinar

Sac like duct shape

Glands purpose

Secrete

Epithelial tissue can ___ & ____

Secrete, absorb (acts as barrier)

Mesenchyme

Source if all adult connective tissue. Mesoderm. Delicate collagen fibers.

2 types of bone:

Spongy bone (cancellous) & compact bone (cortical)

Shape of epithelial

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Undifferentiated mesenchyme

Stem cells. Potential to differentiate (fibroblast)

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

Straight looking, smeary nucleus

Tubular

Straight tube shape duct

Exocrine glands classified by

Structure (unicellular goblet cells or multicellular) or method of secretion

Neuroglia

Support cells of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Schwann cells and myelin sheaths

Permanent

Tissue repair. If killed, replaced by different type of cell

Labile

Tissue repair. Mitosis

Stable

Tissue repair. No mitosis but divides after injury

Spongy bone

Trabecular network. Inside bones

Merocrine gland

Vesicle releasing contents into duct

Mucus

Whartons jelly. Umbilical cord.

What happens if skin is injured, like a splinter?

White blood cells rush to site of damage to begin repair

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Injury or infection

Secondary Union skin repair

Wound edged are not close. Big chance of infection. Clot may not close gap. Great scarring.

Primary Union skin repair

Wound edges are close together. Bloody. Clot forms. Fibrin threads contract. Scab. Pus as white cels die. Granulation tissue replace clots. Scar.

___ marrow replaces ___ marrow

Yellow, red

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

scars