Anatomy Exam 3 Review
The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is
206
One hand of an adult has __________ bones.
27
From superior to inferior, how many individual vertebrae are there of each type?
7;12;5;5;4
Dr. Jagasia informs a patient they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?
Body
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of
Bone Matrix
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.
Calcitrol
The primary mineral in bone is?
Calcium
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a
Canaliculus
Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis.
Cell Proliferation
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following expect?
DNA Synthesis
An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.
Diaphysis
The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.
Epiphyseal Line
Achondroplastic dwarfism is hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________________
Epiphyseal plate
The expanded head at each end of the long bone is called the ____________
Epiphysis
What about bone remodeling and repair is true?
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can leas to bone remodeling
*Ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum are called __________ ribs.
False
A vertebra is considered a long bone
False
Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone
False
Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts
False
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation->Soft Callus Formation-> Hard Callus Formation-> Bone Remodeling
The primary function of osteoblasts is to?
Lay down bone matrix
Which of the following is correctly matched? A.) osteoblasts- break down bone tissue B.) endosteum- lines central canal of the osteon C.) periosteum- lines the medullary cavity D.) osteocytes- function in bone remodeling E.) osteoclasts- responsible for reabsorption
Osteoclasts- responsible for reabpsoption
Regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) what is true?
PTH causes increased reabsorption of ca2+ in the kidneys
Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely
Parathyroid Hormone
Which chemical causes an increase in blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Hormone
Which of the following is the most lateral bone in the forearm
Radius
Osteoclasts have projections that cause bone reabsorption called?
Ruffled Borders
Which of the following is correctly matched? A.) Flat bone- phalanges of the toes B.) Short Bone- humerus C.) Short Bone- carpal bone D.) Irregular Bone- femur E.) Long Bone- vertebra
Short Bone- Carpal Bone
The ___________ suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone.
Squamous
Alan suffers a concussion. Which bone has possibly been traumatized?
Temporal Bone
Which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing bone
The fibula
Which bone is the weight bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)?
Tibia
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone
Transitional Epithelium
The styloid process is found in the ?
Ulna
What chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?
Vitamin D
Rickets is
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones
Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?
a small pelvic outlet
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
In the herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the __________ ruptures and the _____________ oozes out
anulus fibrosus; nucules pulposus
You would look for concentric lamellae
around the central canal of an osteon
Bone growth of the epiphysis occurs at the
articular cartilage
The thumb and big toe are similar in that
both have two rather than three phalanges.
In a farm accident, a man has his arm severed midway between his wrist and his elbow. Which of the following bones was severed?
both the radius and the ulna
How does the endocrine system affect osteoporosis?
calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis
It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.
central canals
A bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is a(an)
closed fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.
comminuted
The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________.
compact bone
Spongy bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is
endochondral
What is the end of a long bone?
epiphysis
The bone that articulates with the acetabulum is the
femur
A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the _________________
fibula
A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractures. Which bone is this?
hyoid
How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?
inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet
Calcitonin
is associated with decreased osteoclast activity
Spines of the __________ form a part of the pelvic outlet
ischium
How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?
lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption
The foot contains
metatarsals
In appositional growth cartilage
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?
only one side of bone is broken, other side is bent
The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
osteoblasts; osteocytes
When blood calcium levels are low
osteoclast activity increases
When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?
osteoclasts
Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete amino acids
osteoclasts
What type of bone cells lie in the lacunae?
osteocytes
which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi?
osteocytes
The most common bone disease is
osteoporosis
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?
patella
A long bone is covered with a sheath called the ______________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ______________
periosteum; endosteum
The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________
scapula; humerus
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is
scoliosis
The anterior boundary of the "rib cage" is the
sternum
The junction of two pubic bones is the
symphysis pubis
If an X-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,
the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified
Longitudinal growth of a long bone ceases when
the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue
When comparing the female pelvis with the male pelvis, which of the following statements is false?
the female pelvis is heavier
Which of the following do costal cartilages connect?
the ribs with the sternum
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because?
their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
Interconnecting rods of bone are
trabeculae
Which of the following is not found on a typical vertebra
vertebral head
