Anatomy Exam 3 Review

The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is

206

One hand of an adult has __________ bones.

27

From superior to inferior, how many individual vertebrae are there of each type?

7;12;5;5;4

Dr. Jagasia informs a patient they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?

Body

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

Bone Matrix

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.

Calcitrol

The primary mineral in bone is?

Calcium

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

Canaliculus

Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis.

Cell Proliferation

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following expect?

DNA Synthesis

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

Diaphysis

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.

Epiphyseal Line

Achondroplastic dwarfism is hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________________

Epiphyseal plate

The expanded head at each end of the long bone is called the ____________

Epiphysis

What about bone remodeling and repair is true?

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can leas to bone remodeling

*Ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum are called __________ ribs.

False

A vertebra is considered a long bone

False

Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone

False

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation->Soft Callus Formation-> Hard Callus Formation-> Bone Remodeling

The primary function of osteoblasts is to?

Lay down bone matrix

Which of the following is correctly matched? A.) osteoblasts- break down bone tissue B.) endosteum- lines central canal of the osteon C.) periosteum- lines the medullary cavity D.) osteocytes- function in bone remodeling E.) osteoclasts- responsible for reabsorption

Osteoclasts- responsible for reabpsoption

Regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) what is true?

PTH causes increased reabsorption of ca2+ in the kidneys

Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely

Parathyroid Hormone

Which chemical causes an increase in blood calcium levels

Parathyroid Hormone

Which of the following is the most lateral bone in the forearm

Radius

Osteoclasts have projections that cause bone reabsorption called?

Ruffled Borders

Which of the following is correctly matched? A.) Flat bone- phalanges of the toes B.) Short Bone- humerus C.) Short Bone- carpal bone D.) Irregular Bone- femur E.) Long Bone- vertebra

Short Bone- Carpal Bone

The ___________ suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone.

Squamous

Alan suffers a concussion. Which bone has possibly been traumatized?

Temporal Bone

Which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing bone

The fibula

Which bone is the weight bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)?

Tibia

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone

Transitional Epithelium

The styloid process is found in the ?

Ulna

What chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?

Vitamin D

Rickets is

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones

Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?

a small pelvic outlet

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

In the herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the __________ ruptures and the _____________ oozes out

anulus fibrosus; nucules pulposus

You would look for concentric lamellae

around the central canal of an osteon

Bone growth of the epiphysis occurs at the

articular cartilage

The thumb and big toe are similar in that

both have two rather than three phalanges.

In a farm accident, a man has his arm severed midway between his wrist and his elbow. Which of the following bones was severed?

both the radius and the ulna

How does the endocrine system affect osteoporosis?

calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis

It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.

central canals

A bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is a(an)

closed fracture

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.

comminuted

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________.

compact bone

Spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondral

What is the end of a long bone?

epiphysis

The bone that articulates with the acetabulum is the

femur

A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the _________________

fibula

A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractures. Which bone is this?

hyoid

How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?

inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet

Calcitonin

is associated with decreased osteoclast activity

Spines of the __________ form a part of the pelvic outlet

ischium

How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?

lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption

The foot contains

metatarsals

In appositional growth cartilage

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.

Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

only one side of bone is broken, other side is bent

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

osteoblasts; osteocytes

When blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?

osteoclasts

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete amino acids

osteoclasts

What type of bone cells lie in the lacunae?

osteocytes

which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi?

osteocytes

The most common bone disease is

osteoporosis

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?

patella

A long bone is covered with a sheath called the ______________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ______________

periosteum; endosteum

The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________

scapula; humerus

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is

scoliosis

The anterior boundary of the "rib cage" is the

sternum

The junction of two pubic bones is the

symphysis pubis

If an X-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,

the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified

Longitudinal growth of a long bone ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue

When comparing the female pelvis with the male pelvis, which of the following statements is false?

the female pelvis is heavier

Which of the following do costal cartilages connect?

the ribs with the sternum

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because?

their bones contain larger quantities of collagen

Interconnecting rods of bone are

trabeculae

Which of the following is not found on a typical vertebra

vertebral head