Anatomy Final
Calculate the renal clearance for glucose: Urinary flow rate is 2.0.ml/min Plasma glucose 200mg/100ml Urine glucose concentration 50mg/ml A. 50 ml/min B. 250 ml/min C. 100 ml/min D. 25 ml/mim
A
Contraction of which muscle causes the voiding of the bladder? A. Detrusor Muscle B. Trapezius Muscle C. Adductor Longus Muscle D. Internal Sphincter Muscle E. Superior Gemmelus Muscle
A
Excessive amounts of Parathyroid Hormone is most likely to produce which electrolyte patterns in the plasma? A. Na 135 [135-145], K 2.5 [3.0-5.5], Ca 14 [9-11], PO43- 2.0 [2.5-4.5], Cl- 107 [96-106], HCO3- 22 [22-26] B. Na 140 [135-145], K 3.5 [3.0-5.5], Ca 8 [9-11], PO43- 4.0 [2.5-4.5], Cl- 105 [96-106], HCO3- 22 [22-26] C. Na 150 [135-145], K 2.5 [3.0-5.5], Ca 10 [9-11], PO43- 4.0 [2.5-4.5], Cl- 110 [96-106], HCO3- 26 [22-26] D. Na 140 [135-145], K 3.5 [3.0-5.5], Ca 10 [9-11], PO43- 3.0 [2.5-4.5], Cl- 95 [96-106], HCO3- 18 [22-26] E. Na 120 [135-145], K 6.0 [3.0-5.5], Ca 10 [9-11], PO43- 4.0 [2.5-4.5], Cl- 107 [96-106], HCO3- 20 [22-26]
A
Hyperventilation is most likely to cause a drop in which biological parameter? A. PaCO2 B. PaO2 C. Hemoglobin D. PaNO E. pH
A
If curve X represents a normal heart, which curve would represent the normal heart that is exercising? A. Curve A B. Curve B C. Curve C D. Curve D E. Curve E
A
The loss of blood flow and blood pressure to the kidneys will most likely trigger the release of A. Renin B. Acetylcholine C. Erythropoietin D. Cholecystokinin E. Atrial Natriuretic Facter
A
The vocal cords are MOST LIKELY located in which structure? A. Larynx B. Trachea C. Bronchus D. Oropharynx E. Nasopharynx
A
What is the approximate Heart Rate? A. 40 B. 60 C. 80 D. 100 E. 120
A
What is the approximate end systolic volume? A. 50 ml B. 100mL C. 150 mL D. 200 mL E. 250 mL
A
Where is the voice box is most likely located in which structure? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D E. Structure E
A
Which condition is caused by the fusing of alveoli? A. Emphysema B. Bronchitis C. Asthma D. Neonatal Pneumothorax E. Cor Pulmonale
A
Which hormone is released by the kidneys to promote red blood cell production? A. Erythropoietin B. Angiotensin-II C. Vasopressin D. Aldosterone E. Vitamin D
A
Which hormone promotes renal excretion of sodium and water into the urine? A. Atrial Natriuretic Factor B. Parathyroid Hormone C. Antidiuretic Hormone D. Aldosterone E. Calcitonin
A
Which lab values would be most consistent with a patient who has hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone) A. Na 148 mEq/L [NR 135-145], CI 107 mEq/L [95-105], K 2.0 mEq/L [NR 3.5-5.5] B. Na 146 mEq/L [NR 135-145], CI 95 mEq/L [95-105], K 6.0 mEq/L [NR 3.5-5.5] C. Na 145 mEq/L [NR 135-145], CI 85 mEq/L [95-105], K 5.5 mEq/L [NR 3.5-5.5] D. Na 136 mEq/L [NR 135-145], CI 96 mEq/L [95-105], K 4.5 mEq/L [NR 3.5-5.5] E. Na 125 mEq/L [NR 135-145], CI 85 mEq/L [95-105], K 3.0 mEq/L [NR 3.5-5.5]
A
Which of the following describes the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle A. Tidal Volume B. Vital Capacity C. Residual Volume D. Total Lung Capacity E. Functional residual capacity
A
Which peak represents atrial depolarization? A. Peak 1 B. Peak 2 C. Peak 3 D. Peak 4 E. Peak 5
A
Which structure covers the trachea to prevent food from getting into the lungs while swallowing? A Epiglottis P B. Conchae C. Hyoid Bone D. Lobar Bronchi E. Pulmonary Lobule
A
Which substance prevents the alveoli from clumping together during exhalation phase of respiration? A. Surfactant B. Nitric Oxide C. Acetylcholine D. Prostaglandins E. Norepinephrine
A
Which waveform is missing? A. P wave B. Q wave C. R wave D. S wave E. T wave
A
Which EKG patterns are associated with atrial dysfunction? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. Pattern A B. Pattern B C. Pattern C D. Pattern D E. Pattern E
A & B
Which muscles are responsible for expanding ribcage and the thoracic cavity during inspiration? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. Diaphragm B. Intercostal muscles? C. Brachioradialis muscle D. Adductor longs muscle E. Tensor fascia late muscle
A & B
Which electrolyte imbalances are present in this patient? (USE CASE STUDY BELOW) SELECT ALL THAT APPLY HPI HK is an adult female who presents to the emergency department with complaints of nausea & vomiting over the past few days CC: frequent urination, fatigue, SOB PE: Poor Skin Turgor, Acetone Breath VS: BP120/80 mmHg [NR 120-90/80-60 mmHg], RR 18 [NR 12-16], HR 110 [60-80] LABS: Glu 160 [<90], SaO2 98% [NR95-100%], BUN 16 [NR 8-26], SCr 1.2 [0.5-1.4], Na 130 [135-145], K 6.0 [3.5-5.5], Cl 105 [96-106], Ca 10 [9-11], PO4 3.0 [2.5-4.0] ABGs: 7.25 [7.35-7.45], PaCO2 35 [35-45] HCO3 19 [22-26] Urinalysis: Glu (+), Ketone (+), A. Hyperkalemia B. Hyperchloremia C. Hyperphosphatemia D. Hyponatremia
A & D
Carboni Anhydrase breaks down Carbonic Acid into_________________ (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY TO RECEIVE FULL CREDIT) A. Carbon Dioxide B. Water C. Bicarbonate D. Hydrogen ions
A, B, C
What would be the net effect of administering a drug that mimics Atrial Natriuretic Factor? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY FOR FULL CREDIT A. Lower Blood pressure B. Water Excretion C. Increased extracellular fluid volume* D. Water Retention* E. Sodium Excretion*
A,B,E
Which cartilages are found in the larynx? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY TO RECEIVE FULL CREDIT) A. Cricoid cartilage B. Articular cartilage C. Epiglottic cartilage*^ D. Costochondral cartilage E. Thyroid cartilage
A,C,E
Beta 3 adrenergic receptors are found primarily at which site (USE DIAGRAM BELOW) A. Site 1 B. Site 3 C. Site 2 D. Site 4
B
Letter D corresponds to A. Ureter B. Urethra C. Bladder D. Abdominal Aorta E. Inferior Vena Cava
B
Lower number in the blood pressure reading MOST LIKELY represents A. Pressure after the ventricles contract B. Pressure after the ventricles relax C. Pressure after the aorta contracts D. The force of a heart contraction E. Pressure in the veins
B
Oxygenated blood is carried to the left heart by the A. Aorta B. Pulmonary veins C. Carotid arteries D. Inferior vena cava E. Superior vena cava
B
Pyelonephritis refers to A. Infection of the Urethra B. Infection in the Kidneys C. Kidney Stones D. Infection in the Bladder
B
Select the correct pathway that blood flows through the circulatory system. A. Veins > Right Atrium > Semilunar valve > Right Ventricle > pulmonary vein B. Veins > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery > Left Atrium C. Veins >Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Pulmonary Vein> Right Atrium D. Veins >Mitral valve-> Right Atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right Ventricle E. Veins >Left Atrium >Left Ventricle >Aorta >Right Atrium
B
Site C most likely represents A. Renin B. Aldosterone C. Vasopressin D. Sodium Natriuretic Hormone E. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
B
Structure A represents A. Alveoli B. Larynx C. Trachea D. Bronchus E. Bronchiole
B
Structure C represents A. Bronchiole B. Bronchus C. Trachea D. Larynx E. Alveoli
B
The Bowman's capsule is located at site
B
The jejunum is most likely represented by__________________ A. Site B B. Site D C. Site C D. Site E E. Site A
B
The mitral valve is most likely represented by which structure? A. Valve A B. Valve B C. Valve C D. Valve D
B
This organ contains Phase I and Phase II Metabolizing Enzymes (USE THE DIAGRAM BELOW) A. Site A B. Site B C. Site 2 D. Site 3 E. Site 1
B
This organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions (USE DIAGRAM BELOW) A. Site B B. Site 3 C. Site 2 D. Site 1 E. Site A
B
USE THE CASE STUDY BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION BELOW: Which susbstance MOST LIKELY caused thie patient's symptpms? HPI: GH is a 45 yo female who presents to her PCP with unintentitional weight gain. CC: weight gain, swollen feet PE: Bipedal edema (edema in lower extremities) VS: BP 150/100 mmHg [90-120/ 60-80], HR 72 [60-80 bpm] LABS: Na 147 [135-145 mEq/L], Cl 120 [96-106 mEq/L], K 2.8 [3.0-5.5 mEq/L] A. Acetylcholine B. Aldosterone C. Antidiuretic Hormone D. Vasopressin E. Angiotensin-I
B
Use the patient's lab values to determine how much Gabapentin should be given. What is the appropriate dosing for Gabapentin? A. 700mg bid (twice a day) B. 700mg qd (once a day) C. 300 mg qd (once a day)
B
What is the patient's ejection fraction? A. 42% B. 58% C. 65% D. 70% E. 83%
B
Which Structure represents the trachea? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D E. Structure E
B
Which blood vessel transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left heart A. Aorta B. Pulmonary Vein C. Pulmonary Artery D. Inferior Vena Cava E. Superior Vena Cava
B
Which brain region is primarily responsible for regulating respiration? A. Cerebral Cortex* B. Pons C. Substantia Nigra D. Amygdala E. Cerebellum
B
Which disease is associated with the fusing of the alveoli together? A. Pulmonary Hypertension B. Emphysema C. Pneumonia D. Pleurisy E. Asthma
B
Which hormone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System is directly responsible for salt and water retention? A. Renin B. Aldosterone C. Vasopressin D. Angiotensin-Il E. Antidiuretic Hormone
B
Which ion channel opens during phase O in the above diagram? A. Sodium Channel B. Calcium Channel C. Chloride Channel D. Potassium Channel E. Magnesium Channel
B
Which of the following conditions below is MOST consistent with Respiratory Acidosis? A. High pH, Low carbon dioxide levels and Elevated Bicarbonate Levels B. Low pH, low Bicarbonate levels and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels C. Low pH, Elevated Bicarbonate ions, low Carbon Dioxide levels D. High pH, High Carbon Dioxide levels, High Bicarbonate Levels E. High pH, High Bicarbonate levels and Low Phosphate Levels
B
Which of the following describes the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath? A. Tidal Volume B. Vital Capacity C. Residual Volume D. Total Lung Capacity E. Functional residual capacity
B
Which of the following is the correct sequence for myocardial depolarization? A. AV node > Bundle of His > Atria B. SA Node > AV node> Bundle of His C. SA Node > Branch Bundle > AV node D. Bundle of His > AV node > Left Ventricle E. SA-Node > Left ventricle > Bundle of His
B
Which structure above represents the vocal cords? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D
B
Which structure represents the A-V node? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D E. Structure E
B
The above diagram represents the action potential of the (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) A. Atria B. SA Node C. Ventricle D. AV Node E. Bundle of His
B & D
Which of the following conditions will increase GFR? Select ALL THAT APPLY A. Dilation of the efferent arteriole B. Dilation of the afferent arteriole C. Constriction of the afferent arteriole D. Constriction of the efferent arteriole
B & D
FK is a congestive heart failure patient who must be administered a diuretic to reduce the fluid in his lungs (pulmonary edema). The drug inhibits prevents the reabsorption of Sodium, Chloride, Potassium and Water but not bicarbonate. Where does this drug most likely act? A. Glomerulus B. Proximal Convoluted Tubule C. Loop of Henle D. Efferent Arteriole E. Distal Convoluted Tubule
C
Structure B represents A. Bronchiole B. Bronchus C. Trachea D. Larynx E. Alveoli
C
The enzyme responsible for converting COn and H2O into carbonic acid (HaCO,) in the Red Blood Cell is A. Catalase B. Carboxypeptidase C. Carbonic Anhydrase D. Superoxide Dismutase E. Carbonic Hydroxylase
C
The right ventricle empties blood into which blood vessel? A. Aorta B. Pulmonary Vein C. Pulmonary Artery D. Inferior Vena Cava E. Superior Vena Cava
C
The site at which glucose and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed
C
What can be concluded about the patient below? HPI: GH is a 26 old patient who presents to the ER with mental confusion, fatigue CC: Started urinating over the past week, even when he is not drinking a lot of water, he is still urinating and has to go to the bathroom almost every hour PMH: Bipolar Disorder MEDS: Lithium, Tylenol as needed PE: BP 120/60, HR 135, poor skin turgor ABGs pH 7.4 [7.35-7.45], HCO3- 24mEq/L [22-26], PaCO2 40 mmHg [35-45] Electrolytes: GLU 90mg/dL [<95] Na+ 155 mEq/L [135-145] K+ 5.5 mEq/L [3.0-5.5] Cl- 115 mEq/L [96-106] HCO3- 26mEq/L [22-26] BUN 20 mg/dL [6-24] Posm 320 [280-295] Urinalysis: urine is dilute, negative for ketones and glucose A. The patient has an aldosterone problem B. The kidneys are reabsorbing too much water C. The patient is dehydrated D. The patient has diabetes mellitus
C
What happens at the end of ventricular isovolumic relaxation? A. Semilunar valve opens B. Semilunar valve closes C. Atrioventricular valve opens D. Atrioventricular valve closes
C
What is the function of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme? A. Synthesize Bradykinin B. Degrades Angiotensin-II C. Converts Angiotensin-| to Angiotensin-II D. Converts Aldosterone into Angiotensin-I E. Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin-I
C
What is the most probable diagnosis? HPI: AH is 48-year-old female patient who presents to the ER with shortness of breath CC: intermittent tightness of the chest, wheezing and dyspnea especially after exercising or after breathing in cold, dry air during the winter months VS: HR 76 bpm[NR 60-80] , T 36.5°C [NR 36.1-37.2], BP 110/70 mmHg [NR <120/80] , RR 18 BPM [NR 12-16} Spirometry Results: FEV1 65% [NR 80%-120%], FEV1/FVC, 60% [NR >70%] A. Grave's Disease B. Right Heart Failure C. Asthma D. Cor Pulmonale E. Emphysema
C
What is the patient's cardiac output? A. 1200 B. 2500 C. 4900 D. 5500 E. 8400
C
Which blood vessel receives deoxygenated blood from the right heart and transports it to the lungs? A. Superior Vena Cava B. Inferior Vena Cava C. Pulmonary Artery D. Pulmonary Vein E. Aorta
C
Which hypothetical drug could treat a patient suffering from both hypertension (high blood pressure) and urinary incontinence? A. A drug that blocks serotonergic receptors B. A drug that blocks beta-3 adrenergic receptors C. A drug that blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors D. A drug that stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors E. A drug that stimulates the muscarinic cholinergic receptors
C
Which muscles relax during expiration? A. Sternocleidomastoid muscles B. Rectus Abdominis and Diaphragm C. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles D. Abdominal recti and internal intercostal muscles E. Scaleni and the innermost internal intercostal muscles
C
Which of the following conditions will MOST LIKELY trigger HYPERVENTILATION? A. High PaO2 B. High pH C. High PCO2 D. Low hydrogen ion concentrations
C
Which of the following events occurs at point D in the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship? A. Pulmonary valve closes B. Tricuspid valve close C. Aortic valve opens D. Mitral valve open E. Third heart sound
C
Which of the following is the passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus? A. Sinuses B. Trachea C. Pharynx D. Nasal cavity E. Bronchial tree
C
Which of the following medications should be prescribed to alleviate the patient's symptoms? A. A drug that blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors B. A drug that blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors C. A drug that activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors D. A drug that activates alpha-1 adrenergic receptors E. A drug that activates muscarinic-2 cholinergic receptors
C
Which structure increases the surface area and the absorption capacity of the small intestines? A. Greater omentum B. Cilia C. Microvilli D. Lacteal
C
Structure C represents A. Sinuses B. Pharynx C. Epiglottis D. External Nares E. Nasal Conchae
D
The cecum is MOST likely depicted by_______________ (USE THE DIAGRAM BELOW) A. Structure 5 B. Structure C C. Structure D D. Structure E E. Structure 4
D
The double layer of membranes that surround the lungs are called A. Mesometrium B. Pericardium C. Meninges D. Pleura E. Cecum
D
The effect of Antidiuretic hormone on the kidney is to: A. Increase glomerular filtration rate B. Increase the excretion of sodium C. Increase the diameter of the renal afferent artery D. Increase the permeability of the nephron to water E. Increase the reabsorption of potassium
D
The red blood cell exchanges which ion for Bicarbonate ions? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Carbon dioxide D. Chloride E. Phosphate
D
What is the primary acid-base disturbance? (USE THE CASE BELOW) HPI HK is an adult female who presents to the emergency department with complaints of nausea & vomiting over the past few days CC: frequent urination, fatigue, SOB PE: Poor Skin Turgor, Acetone Breath VS: BP120/80 mmHg [NR 120-90/80-60 mmHg], RR 18 [NR 12-16], HR 110 [60-80] LABS: Glu 160 [<90], SaO2 98% [NR95-100%], BUN 16 [NR 8-26], SCr 1.2 [0.5-1.4], Na 130 [135-145], K 6.0 [3.5-5.5], Cl 105 [96-106] ABGs: pH 7.25 [7.35-7.45], PaCO2 35 [35-45] HCO3 19 [22-26] Urinalysis: Glu (+), Ketone (+), A. Respiratory Acidosis B. Respiratory Alkalosis C. Metabolic Alkalosis D. Metabolic Acidosis
D
Which adrenergic receptor when stimulated causes vasoconstriction in the blood vessels? A. Beta-1 B. Beta-2 C. Beta-3 D. Alpha-1 E. Alpha-2
D
Which blood vessel contains veins? A. Capillaries B. Arterioles C. Arteries D. Veins E. Aorta
D
Which of the following physiological effects would MOST LIKELY to occur if a patient took a drug that inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme A. Vasoconstriction would increase B. Renin levels would decrease C. ADH levels will increase D. Sodium retention would decrease E. Blood Pressure would increase
D
Which part of the loop of Henle reasborbs Water? USE THE DIAGRAM BELOW A. SITE A B. SITE B C. SITE C D. SITE D E. SITE E
D
Which phase of gastric secretion is associated with the release of CCK? A. Prodromal phase B. Cephalic phase C. Gastric phase D. Intestinal phase
D
Which phase of the cardiac cycle occurs between points D and E? A. Atrial contraction B. Ventricular filling C. Ventricular ejection D. Isovolumic contraction E. Isovolumic relaxation
D
Which receptor regulates the internal urethral sphincter muscle? A. Serotonin receptor B. Muscarinic Cholinergic receptor C. Beta-1 adrenegic receptor D. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor E. Nictotinic cholinergic receptor
D
Which structure is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide? A. Bowman's capsule B. Loop of Henle C. Medulla D. Alveoli E. Pleura
D
Which areas of the brain mainly control respiration? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY TO RECEIVE FULL CREDIT A. Hypothalamus B. Basal Ganglia C. Pituitary D. Medulla E. Pons
D & E
A drug that inhibits carbonic anhydrase will most likely act at which site? A. Bowman's capsule B. Ascending Loop of Henle C. Distal Convoluted Tubule D. Descending Loop of Henle E. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
E
In the baroreceptor reflex, which of the actions will not occur when blood pressure falls? A. Increase activity in the cardiac accelerator centers B. Reduced baroreceptor firing C. Increased Cardiac Output D. Increased Heart Rate E. Vasodilation
E
Letter B corresponds to A. Ureter B. Urethra C. Bladder D. Abdominal Aorta E. Inferior Vena Cava
E
Site A most likely represents A. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme B. Aldosterone C. Vasopressin D. Sodium Natriuretic Hormone E. Renin
E
Site B most likely represents A. Renin B. Aldosterone C. Vasopressin D. Sodium Natriuretic Hormone E. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
E
Structure C represents A. Sinuses B. Pharynx C. Epiglottis D. Nasal Conchae E. External Nares
E
The site at which the Loop of Henle reabsorbs Sodium, Potassium and Chloride ions A. SITE A B. SITE B C. SITE C D. SITE D E. SITE E
E
What is the most probable diagnosis? A. Respiratory Alkalosis B. Right Heart Failure C. Cor Pulmonale D. Emphysema E. Asthma
E
Which bacteria is most likely the cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae B. Streptococcus pyogenes C. Enterococcus faecalis D. Escherichia coli E. Helicobacter pylori
E
Which blood vessel brings nutrient-rich blood to the inferior vena cava? A. Superior Mesenteric Vein B. Splanchnic vein C. Hepatic Portal Vein* D. Hepatic Artery E. Hepatic Vein
E
Which cell type in the kidneys release renin? A. D cells B. Chief cells C. Parietal Cells D. Macula Densa cells E. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
E
Which cells are responsible for monitoring salinity (sodium levels) in the urine? A. JG cells B. Chief cells C. Acinar cells D. Chromophobes E. Macula Densa cells
E
Which of the following terminates into the alveoli and is directly responsible conducting air to the alveoli? A. Sinuses B. Trachea C. Pharynx D. Nasal cavity E. Bronchial tree
E
Which of the following terms BEST describes an infection in the bladder? A. Glomerulonephritis B. Pyelonephritis C. Otitis Media D. Stomatitis E. Cystitis
E
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing Sodium, chloride, potassium (and Magnesium and Calcium)? USE THE DIAGRAM PROVIDED BELOW A. Site A B. Site B C. Site C D. Site D E. Site E
E
Which peak represents the T wave? A. Peak 1 B. Peak 2 C. Peak 3 D. Peak 4 E. Peak 5
E
Which receptor in the bronchioles is MOST LIKELY to produce bronchoconstriction and an increase in bronchial secretions when stimulated? A. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor B. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor C. Nm cholinergic receptor D. Beta-2 Adrenergic receptor E. M2 cholinergic receptor
E
Which structure covers the trachea to prevent food from getting into the lungs while swallowing? A. Pulmonary Lobule B. Lobar Bronchi C. Hyoid Bone D. Conchae E. Epiglottis
E
Which structure primarily contains smooth muscles as well as adrenergic and cholinergic receptors? A. Structure B B. Structure C C. Structure D D. Structure E E. Structure F
E
