anatomy homework questions
The primary source of chemical energy in the body is __________. DNA ATP AMP ADP
ATP
If the DNA triplet is ATC, the tRNA anticodon will be __________. AUC UAG ATC TAG
AUC
Which of the following is not a major difference between DNA and RNA? DNA is a double-stranded helix and RNA is a single-stranded helix DNA contains thymine, but RNA contains uracil instead DNA uses deoxyribose and RNA uses ribose as their respective pentose sugars DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but RNA is only found in the nucleus
DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but RNA is only found in the nucleus
Neon has 10 electrons. Which of the following statements is true about neon? It has 8 valence electrons and is unstable. It has 2 valence electrons and is unstable. It has 8 valence electrons and is stable. It has 10 valence electrons and is stable.
It has 8 valence electrons and is stable
Which of the following statements about enzymes is INCORRECT? Enzymes are highly specific for individual substrates and reactions. Enzymes do not alter the reactants or products. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes are permanently altered in the reaction.
enzymes are permanently altered by the reaction
Water can cushion and protect the structures of the body because __________. it carries heat with it when it changes from a liquid to a gas it has a high heat capacity it can dissolve many solutes it has a relatively high density
it has a relatively high density
Prions are infectious particles that can cause normal proteins to assume a misfolded shape. When the proteins assume an abnormal three- dimensional shape, they: lose their function become enzymes lose their primary structure become unstable
lose their function
If blood pressure is too high, what should homeostatic regulation do? Maintain the elevated blood pressure until a new set point is established. Increase blood pressure so it can reach the desired set point. There will not be any homeostatic regulation. Lower blood pressure back to the normal range.
lower blood pressure back to the normal range.
Most biological molecules are stable and nonreactive to: maintain their structure and function in the body. react with other unstable molecules. reduce their impact on the cell. break down easily.
maintain their structure and function in the body
intermediate filaments
measure 10 nm in diameter, are made up of long protein strands twisted together
Regions of the body which require large surface area for absorption, such as the cells covering the inner surface of the small intestine, often have __________. microvilli centrioles cilia flagella
microvilli
Chest pain, or angina, is caused when blood is unable to get through clogged blood vessels in sufficient quantities to provide an adequate amount of oxygen (O2) to the heart muscle. What type of chemical bond is found between the atoms in molecular oxygen (O2)? Nonpolar covalent bond. Ionic bond. Polar covalent bond. Hydrogen bond.
nonpolar covalent bond
C2H8 is a(n) nonpolar covalent molecule polar covalent molecule ionic compound Nonpolar ionic molecule
nonpolar covalent molecule
During childbirth, the initial stimulus that causes the onset of uterine contractions is followed by additional contractions that amplify the effect until the baby is born. This is an example of a __________. negative feedback loop positive feedback loop disease contraction gradient
positive feedback loop
Cholesterol in the plasma membrane __________. is the main component of the lipid bilayer functions as an enzyme to speed up chemical reactions stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane when the temperature changes is important for cell-cell recognition
stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane when the temperature changes
Blood is a mixture of fluid and insoluble particles that are large enough to be visible, such as blood cells and platelets. Therefore, blood is a __________. colloid solution solvent suspension
suspension
If a cell''s translation machinery is impaired, the cell will be unable to __________. synthesize proteins synthesize DNA synthesize mRNA replicate DNA
synthesize proteins
Your friend has been using a tanning bed and, unbeknownst to him, the radiation from the tanning bed has damaged the DNA in his skin cells. In one particular gene, the triplet TGA has mutated to TGC. Will this change the structure of the protein coded for by this gene? (Hint: Refer to Figure 3.28 for the genetic code.) No. Although the codon will change corresponding amino acid, in the larger scheme of things, it will not affect the structure of the protein. Yes. It will change from Threonine to Phenylalanine. No. The codon does not change the corresponding amino acid. Yes. It will change from Serine to Phenylalanine.
NO. The codon does not change the corresponding amino acid.
Which of the following is an example of a gradient? Sodium/potassium pumps in cells is a classic example. The channel uses ATP to move sodium and potassium from low-concentrated regions to high-concentrated regions, respectively. Increased levels of insulin will lead to a negative feedback loop that will reduce levels of insulin. Pouring a vial of ink into a jug of water will evenly distribute throughout the water. Blood in the vessels move from lower pressures to higher pressures.
Pouring a vial of ink into a jug of water will evenly distribute throughout the water.
If a red blood cell has a cytosol concentration of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), and this red blood cell is placed in an environment containing 2% NaCl, which of the following substrates—i.e., the solute (NaCl) or solvent (water)—will move, and in which direction? Water will move into the cell. NaCl will move into the cell. Water will move out of the cell. NaCl will move out of the cell.
Water will move out of the cell.
The defective protein in familial hypercholesterolemia is normally an LDL cholesterol receptor that helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood. All of the following could produce a defect in the protein except ________. a misfold in the tertiary structure that prevents formation of the correct three dimensional structure a change in the primary structure of a protein that alters the amino acid sequence an incorrect quaternary structure that produces beta-pleated sheets in the wrong location an additional alpha helix in the secondary structure
an incorrect quaternary structure that produces beta-pleated sheets in the wrong location.
The nucleolus __________. assembles ribosomes synthesizes ATP synthesizes proteins stores chromatin
assembles ribosomes
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major elements found in the human body? calcium nitrogen carbon oxygen
calcium
A neuron stimulating a muscle cell is an example of __________. positive feedback loop cell-cell communication cytology negative feedback loop
cell-cell communication
Which of the following is NOT a component of amino acids? central oxygen atom amino group carboxylic acid group R group
central oxygen atom
While exercising, your body temperature increases, causing you to feel hot and begin sweating. This increase in temperature occurs because: chemical energy is converted to electrical energy allowing the motion to occur. chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy allowing the motion to occur. electrical energy is converted to chemical energy allowing the motion to occur. mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy allowing the motion to occur.
chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy allowing the motion to occur.
Poisons that function by inhibiting a cell's enzyme could potentially be lethal because: chemical reactions would proceed too fast to maintain life. chemical reactions would proceed too slow to maintain life. chemical reactions would occur only periodically. all chemical reactions in the cell will cease.
chemical reactions would proceed too slow to maintain life
Which of the following molecules is a lipid with a four-ring hydrocarbon structure? Triglyceride Cholesterol Fatty acid Purine
cholesterol
Lipids such as cholesterol are composed of atoms that are chemically bound together by nonpolar covalent bonds. Which of the following statements best describes what would happen if cholesterol was added to water? Cholesterol is hydrophilic so it is insoluble in water. Cholesterol is hydrophobic so it is soluble in water. Cholesterol is hydrophilic so it is soluble in water. Cholesterol is hydrophobic so it is insoluble in water.
cholesterol is hydrophobic so it is insoluble in water.
Which of the following is a function of lysosomes? detoxify certain chemicals through oxidation reactions digest and recycle damaged organelles synthesize ATP synthesize proteins
digest and recycle damaged organelles
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. How many electrons will be in a chloride ion with a charge of -1? -1 16 17 18
18
Sodium has an atomic number 11 and 12 neutrons. Its mass number is __________. 1 11 12 23
23
An element of lithium has an atomic number of 3 and a mass number of 7. Lithium must have: 4 protons, 3 electrons and 3 neutrons. 3 protons, 3 electrons and 4 neutrons. 3 protons, 4 electrons and 3 neutrons. 4 protons, 4 electrons, and 4 neutrons.
3 protons, 3 electrons, and 4 neutrons
Oleander (Nerium oleander) is a common but poisonous ornamental shrub. All parts of the plant contain chemicals that inhibit the Na+/K+ pump. How would this affect sodium-glucose symporters (secondary active transport) of a given cell? K+ would increase in higher concentrations inside the cell. Glucose levels within the cell would decrease Glucose would increasingly diffuse into the cell. Sodium would enter the cell at a higher rate.
Glucose levels within the cell would decrease
Which of the following molecules contains polar covalent bonds? NaCl H2 H2O CH4
H2O
Is it possible for a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to form a hydrogen bond? No, since a molecule of hydrogen (H2) forms a polar covalent bond. Yes, since a molecule of hydrogen (H2) forms a polar covalent bond. No, since a molecule of hydrogen (H2) forms a nonpolar covalent bond. Yes, since a molecule of hydrogen (H2) forms a nonpolar covalent bond.
No, since a molecule of hydrogen forms a nonpolar covalent bond.
If body temperature increased above its normal range but was regulated by a positive feedback loop, what would likely occur? The decreased temperature in the torso only. Increased temperature in upper limbs only. None of the answers are correct. Decreased core body temperature.
None of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct? The internal environment of the body is stable and static. Negative feedback has bad consequences for the body. Only certain physiological variables can be controlled by homeostatic mechanisms. Regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops are either "on" or "off."
Only certain physiological variables can be controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.
The disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy (pronounced "doo-SHEN DIS-troh-fee") is caused by a defective membrane protein called dystrophin. This protein normally provides structural stability to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells. Predict what happens to the skeletal muscle cells of patients with this disease. The muscles would be rigid and stay in a contracted state. Patients would encounter muscle weakness. The muscles would sporadically contract. The muscles will not contract.
Patients would encounter muscle weakness
Part complete The cations and anions that result when a salt dissolves are called __________. buffers catalysts electrons and protons electrolytes
electrolytes
Which of the following statements is true? The process of osmosis can be reversed by altering the pressure gradient. The process of diffusion cannot take place without a membrane present. The process of osmosis can occur in the absence of a selectively permeable membrane. The process of diffusion can be reversed, but only if a strong force is applied.
The process of osmosis can be reversed by altering the pressure gradient.
A chemical system that resists changes in pH and prevents large swings in the pH is called __________. a buffer an acid an anion a base
a buffer
Which of the following statements is accurate? A compound made of a metal and a nonmetal is hydrophilic A compound made of a metal and nonmetal is hydrophobic A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen is hydrophilic A compound consisting of two identical nonmetals is hydrophilic
a compound made of a metal and a nonmetal is hydrophilic
Sodium (Na) atoms have a single valence electron, and so each of these atoms has only one electron to share. Which of the following is true? A molecule of sodium (Na2) will not exist in nature. Sodium will share its one electron with hydrogen. Sodium is stable and unreactive. Sodium will share its one electron with seven other atoms.
a molecule of sodium (Na2) will not exist in nature
Enzyme deficiencies can be extremely damaging to the body's homeostasis and may be caused by: high levels of kinetic energy. a lack of substrate. a mutation in a gene. low body temperatures.
a mutation in a gene
The homeostatic mechanism, in which a stimulus changes the regulated variable in one direction but the response changes the variable in the opposite direction, is called a __________. dynamic equilibrium a negative feedback loop a positive feedback loop cell-cell communication
a negative feedback loop
Which of the following molar solutions has a neutral pH? A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.00000001 molar A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.00001 molar A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.000001 molar A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.0000001 molar
a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.0000001 molar
The reaction A + B → AB is __________. a decomposition reaction a synthesis reaction a catabolic reaction an exchange reaction
a synthesis reaction
Many toxins and poisons block certain enzymes in the mitochondria. For example, many fruits, including apricots, apples, plums, peaches, and cherries, contain seeds and pits that can cause the formation and release of the poison cyanide if they are ground and ingested. Cyanide binds to an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane critical to energy production. Why would this be fatal for a cell? Cells would not be able to undergo adequate organelle functioning. All of the answer choices are correct Cells would not be able to reproduce. Cells could have inadequate distribution of ions
all of the answer choices are correct
A substance that always donates hydrogen ions to a solution is called __________. pH an acid a base a buffer
an acid
In an exergonic reaction, __________. excess energy stored in the reactants is released, leaving products with more energy than the reactants excess energy stored in the reactants is released, leaving the products with less energy than the reactants energy is invested into the reaction, so the products have less energy than the reactants energy is invested into the reaction, so the products have more energy than the reactants
excess energy stored in the reactants is released, leaving the products with less energy than the reactants
The amniotic fluid that surrounds a developing fetus helps protect the fetus by all the following except: exchanging gases between the fetus and the mother. cushioning the fetus from mechanical trauma. maintaining a stable temperature around the fetus. keeping the fetus buoyant.
exchanging gases between the fetus and the mother
A reaction in which the energy of the reactants exceeds the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed is called __________. exergonic exchange endergonic anabolic
exergonic
Which of the following is not one of the core principles of anatomy and physiology introduced in this textbook? cell-cell communication gradients drive physiological processes existence of reflexes structure and function are related
existence of reflexes
Which of the following is used to export large molecules out of the cell? exocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis
exocytosis
The coding sequences, which are kept during RNA processing, are called __________. promoters introns exons codons
exons
A compound that would be most soluble in water would be: glucose a triglyceride. a large protein. cholesterol.
glucose
Why is it important to monitor a very high fever and not allow it to persist over a long period of time? High temperatures associated with a fever can prevent the infection from going away. High temperatures associated with a fever can increase water intake. High temperatures associated with a fever can denature important enzymes. High temperatures associated with a fever can increase appetite causing adverse effects.
high temperatures associated with a fever can denature important enzymes
When a biologist is trying to isolate DNA from a cell, he or she must first add enzymes that degrade (break down) proteins. Why is this step necessary? The nuclear envelope has to be disintegrated to expose the DNA. The nucleolus has to be disintegrated to expose the DNA. Histone proteins have to be disintegrated. DNA is made of proteins and must be broken down to observe the subunits.
histone proteins have to be disintegrated
Based on your understanding of structure and function between our cells versus bacterial cells, which of the following characteristics is the most correct? Human cells utilize less energy (ATP) because they contain organelles, which make them more efficient for cellular functioning. Human cells are more efficient in protein synthesis and waste handling due to intricate, compartmentalized organelles. Bacterial cells have the capability to make more complex specialized proteins than human cells. The structures of our cells determine function, whereas this is not true in bacterial cells.
human cells are more efficient in protein synthesis and waste handling due to intricate, compartmentalized organelles
The reverse reaction to dehydration synthesis is __________. hydrolysis oxidation-reduction hydration synthesis anabolic reaction
hydrolysis
Methane is a nonpolar covalent molecule. Methane is:__________. hydrophobic. a base. hydrophilic. the primary solvent in the human body.
hydrophobic
Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called __________. isotopes isomers elements trace elements
isotopes
The type of energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms in a large molecule is __________. potential energy kinetic energy mechanical energy electrical energy
potential energy
Which of these factors will cause an increase in the rate of reaction? absence of a catalyst lower reactant concentration presence of an enzyme decrease in temperature
presence of an enzyme
When you breathe, the pressure inside the lungs is different than the pressure outside the lungs. This is an example of a(n) __________. electrical gradient temperature gradient pressure gradient concentration gradient
pressure gradient
Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires ATP? Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport
primary active transport
The deadly poison ricin (pronounced "RY-sin"), found in castor beans, binds to and inhibits free and bound ribosomes. Select why this effect is lethal. This phenomenon will affect the tertiary and quaternary structures of protein Production of amino acids would decrease. Proteins produced by the cells would be stored in the cytoplasm but not be able to leave the cell Production of lysozyme enzyme would decrease.
production of lysosome enzyme would decrease
Positively charged subatomic particles are called __________. electrons nuclei protons neutrons
protons
The level of protein structure that describes how two or more polypeptides interact to assemble into a protein is the __________. primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure
quaternary structure
The cellular structure that can detect stimuli and send information to the control center is called the __________. effector control center receptor detector
receptor
Atoms that contain eight valence electrons, such as neon, are: relatively stable and reactive. relatively stable and unreactive. relatively unstable and reactive. relatively unstable and unreactive.
relatively stable and unreactive
Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are examples of __________. primary protein structure secondary protein structure tertiary protein structure quaternary protein structure
secondary protein structure
Which of the following functions is NOT one of the functions associated with the cytoskeleton? Provides an internal framework for the cell Anchors various organelles Serves as the site for metabolic reactions such as protein synthesis Allows certain cells to move
serves as the site for metabolic reactions such as protein synthesis
The paired and identical copies of a chromosome, which are joined at a centromere, are called __________. sister chromatids nucleosomes chromatins homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids
The liver is an organ that can synthesize lipids, such as cholesterol, and detoxify poisons, such as alcohol. Which of the following organelles is abundant in liver cells? mitochondria Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cancer cells lose their original characteristic features and become more like the cell shown in Figure 3.1 from the textbook. Predict what impact this would have on cell's ability to function. The cancerous cell would lose its ability to divide. The cancerous cell would increase its ability to divide but the cytoskeletal integrity would remain the same as the normal cell type. The overall function of the cell would decrease and undergo programmed cell death. The cancerous cell would overproduce proteins disproportionately.
the cancerous cell would overproduce proteins disproportionately.
Detergents are similar to phospholipids in that they are amphipathic compounds with both polar and nonpolar parts. What do you think would happen to a cell placed in a solution containing a detergent? The cell membrane would stay intact, and the polar components of the detergent would line up on the outside of the cell, facing the phosphate heads. The detergent would float on top of the stack of cells because the detergent has a higher density. The detergent would float on top of the stack of cells because the detergent has a lower density. The cell membrane would break and dissolve in the detergent, spilling the contents equally throughout the solution.
the cell membrane would break and dissolve the detergent, spilling the contents equally throughout the solution
Which statement best describes the function of this enzyme in producing cholesterol? The enzyme speeds up the reaction by increasing the activation energy required to form its specific products from reactants. The enzyme speeds up the reaction by reducing the energy of activation, allowing the reaction to proceed to completion. The concentration and temperature of the reactants have no effect on the rate of enzyme activity. The enzyme can catalyze many different reactions.
the enzyme speeds up the reaction by reducing the energy of activation, allowing the reaction to proceed to completion.
Homeostasis is defined as __________. the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment the relationship between structure and function the ability of the body to respond to external stimuli the chemical processes that take place inside the body
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Magnesium hydroxide can be taken to relieve the symptoms of heartburn. The atomic number of magnesium is equal to _______. View Available Hint(s) the number of protons in magnesium's nucleus the number of electrons plus the number of neutrons found in its nucleus the number of electrons found in its nucleus the number of protons plus the number of neutrons found in the nucleus
the number of protons in magnesium's nucleus
Intestines have many folds on their surface, and this increase in surface area makes absorption of nutrients faster and more efficient. This is an example of __________. the principle of complementarity of structure and function. a structural gradient a negative feedback loop cell-cell communication
the principle of complementarity of structure and function
A person who is severely dehydrated may feel hot, even if they are not in a hot environment, because: there is an increase in blood volume. they have an increase in energy. there is an increase in sweat production. there isn't enough surrounding water to absorb the heat produced by the body.
there isn't enough surrounding water to absorb the heat produced by the body
While looking at two equal-sized samples of pure carbon, you discover that one of them has a greater mass than the other. This has occurred because there are different isotopes for carbon. they are different isomers of carbon. they are different ions of carbon. they are different suspensions of carbon.
they are different isotopes for carbon
which nitrogenous base is not found in RNA?
thymine
The role of tRNA in translation is __________. to form the peptide bond between amino acids to hold the mRNA transcript in place to encode the sequence of amino acids to bring amino acids to the ribosome
to bring amino acids to the ribosome
Ricin inhibits the functioning of ribosomes. What part of protein synthesis would be affected by ricin? What effect would this have on a cell's ability to synthesize proteins? Post-transcriptional modification would be inhibited. Transcription would be inhibited. Translation process would be inhibited. Protein modification would be inhibited.
translation process would be inhibited
The cells of cancerous tumors undergo changes that cause them to bear little to no resemblance to their original cell type. Predict how this will affect the ability of these cells to perform their functions. (Hint: Consider the structure- function relationship.) Increase in abnormal growth in compact bone tissue can cause bones to become stronger. All of the choices are correct. Tumor in the bladder can lead to the disproportionate growth of epithelial tissue that allows the bladder to stretch; therefore, it will create a constant urgency to urinate. Increased growth in thickness in the alveolar tissue of lungs can allow for more oxygen and can be detrimental if too much gas exchange occurs.
tumor in the bladder can lead to the disproportionate growth of epithelial tissue that allows the bladder to stretch; therefore, it will create a constant urgency to urinate.
The chemical properties of an atom—in other words, how likely it is to form bonds and what types of bonds it will form—depend on its: __________. valence electrons mass number total number of neutrons number of protons
valence electrons
Predict the cellular effects of a disorder that prevents the assembly of microtubules. (Hint: Why is it equally important for a microtubule to be easily assembled and disassembled?) Vesicles will not be able to fuse towards the plasma membrane. Microvilli would lose its ability to provide shape to increase surface area to volume ratio. It will affect the internal scaffolding of a cell. This would lose the ability to provide for cell strength.
vesicles will not be able to fuse towards the plasma membrane
Solution A and solution B are separated by a semipermeable membrane, which is permeable to NaCl and water. Solution A contains 10% NaCl, and solution B contains 2% NaCl. By osmosis, __________. NaCl will move from solution A to solution B water will move from solution B to solution A NaCl will move from solution B to solution A water will move from solution A to solution B
water will move from solution B to solution A
