Anatomy II Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
Intracellular fluid
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is the exhaled
which condition could cause a drop in pH?
hypoventilation
the only organ in the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is the?
kidney
Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________.
iron
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.
one hour
what is the driving force for water intake?
thirst
hyperventilation can result in _____.
too little carbon dioxide in the blood
What would likely be increased by the release of ANP?
water excretion by the kidney
Which tissue is the least hydrated?
Adipose tissue
the most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the ______ buffer system
Bicarbonate
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________.
Decreased sodium and water re absorption
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
Hydrogen
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.
Insensible water loss
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
Potassium
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is?
Sodium
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________.
a rise in plasma osmolality
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to?
a drop in blood pH
What is most likely to trigger the release of renin?
a drop in blood pressure
How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
a hydrogen on a carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.
aldosterone
when the concentration of sodium in the extracellular decreases _______.
aldosterone levels increase
what is the primary buffer in the plasma
bicarbonate buffer system
Parathyroid hormone ______.
enhances release of calcium from bone
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.
generating new HCO3-
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as?
hyponatremia
What would't stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center?
hypotonic extracellular fluid
What is associated with swelling of cells?
hypotonic hydration
Edema is accumulation of fluid in the ____________.
interstitial space
Angiotensinogen is constantly produced by the?
liver
Ingesting too much antacid would cause?
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis
what has the least influence over the pH of blood plasma
phosphate buffer system
What would increase sodium excretion
progesterone
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment is the ______ buffer system.
protein
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do what?
reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions
what is the most significant direct effect of aldosterone release?
reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system
Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by overaccumulation of CO2 in the blood?
respiratory acidosis
someone who is suffocating would develop?
respiratory acidosis
hyperventilation can lead to
respiratory alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.
salts
Normal arterial blood pH
slightly alkaline; 7.4
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.
sodium
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.
sodium transport
The most important factor that influences potassium secretion is?
the concentration of potassium in the ECF
What puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
their inefficient kidneys
The major source of water loss from the body is?
urine
