Anatomy II Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?

Intracellular fluid

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is the exhaled

which condition could cause a drop in pH?

hypoventilation

the only organ in the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is the?

kidney

Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________.

iron

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.

one hour

what is the driving force for water intake?

thirst

hyperventilation can result in _____.

too little carbon dioxide in the blood

What would likely be increased by the release of ANP?

water excretion by the kidney

Which tissue is the least hydrated?

Adipose tissue

the most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the ______ buffer system

Bicarbonate

When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________.

Decreased sodium and water re absorption

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?

Hydrogen

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.

Insensible water loss

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

Potassium

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is?

Sodium

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to?

a drop in blood pH

What is most likely to trigger the release of renin?

a drop in blood pressure

How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

a hydrogen on a carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.

aldosterone

when the concentration of sodium in the extracellular decreases _______.

aldosterone levels increase

what is the primary buffer in the plasma

bicarbonate buffer system

Parathyroid hormone ______.

enhances release of calcium from bone

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.

generating new HCO3-

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as?

hyponatremia

What would't stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center?

hypotonic extracellular fluid

What is associated with swelling of cells?

hypotonic hydration

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the ____________.

interstitial space

Angiotensinogen is constantly produced by the?

liver

Ingesting too much antacid would cause?

metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

metabolic alkalosis

what has the least influence over the pH of blood plasma

phosphate buffer system

What would increase sodium excretion

progesterone

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment is the ______ buffer system.

protein

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do what?

reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions

what is the most significant direct effect of aldosterone release?

reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

renal system

Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by overaccumulation of CO2 in the blood?

respiratory acidosis

someone who is suffocating would develop?

respiratory acidosis

hyperventilation can lead to

respiratory alkalosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.

salts

Normal arterial blood pH

slightly alkaline; 7.4

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.

sodium

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.

sodium transport

The most important factor that influences potassium secretion is?

the concentration of potassium in the ECF

What puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

their inefficient kidneys

The major source of water loss from the body is?

urine