Anatomy: Mastering A&P Chapter 18
The superior chambers of the heart are called the __________. atria coronary chambers cavae ventricles
atria
he vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________. pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries coronary veins aortic arteries coronary arteries
coronary arteries
The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called __________. gap junctions desmosomes cardioinhibitory centers intercalated discs pacemaker cells
pacemaker cells
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from __________. endoderm ectoderm mesoderm cardioderm
mesoderm
The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a __________. cardiac cycle sarcomere contractile unit pacemaker functional syncytium
functional syncytium
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition? cardiac tamponade incompetent cardiac valve angina pectoris myocardial infarction
incompetent cardiac valve
Match the following terms to their correct descriptions. Using the pull-down menus, match each item in the left column to the corresponding item in the right column A. supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium B. runs to the apex of the heart C. supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle D. supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles 6.1 right marginal artery 6.2 posterior interventricular artery 6.3 anterior interventricular artery 6.4 circumflex artery
A,B,D,C
The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents __________. atrial repolarization ventricular repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization
Atrial depolarization
Using the pull-down menus, match each item in the left column to the corresponding item in the right column. A. prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle B.prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle C. valve between the right atrium and right ventricle D. valve between the left atrium and left ventricle 8.1 tricuspid valve 8.2 mitral (bicuspid) valve 8.3 aortic semilunar valve 8.4 pulmonary semilunar valve
C,D,B,A
The second heart sound (the "dup" of "lub-dup") is caused by the __________. opening of the atrioventricular valves opening of the semilunar valves closure of the semilunar valves closure of the atrioventricular valves
Closure of the semilunar valves
Match the following terms to their correct descriptions. Using the pull-down menus, match each item in the left column to the corresponding item in the right column. A. contraction B. relaxation C. the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute D. the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat E. the events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat 14.1 cardiac cycle 14.2 systole 14.3 diastole 14.4 stroke volume 14.5 cardiac output
E, A, B, D, C
Which of the following are correctly paired? ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker heart block: uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction fibrillation: premature contraction arrhythmia: atrioventricular (AV) node failure
Etopic focus, an abnormal pacemaker
Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium? It facilitates heart contraction. It anchors the heart to surrounding structures. It prevents the heart from overfilling with blood. It protects the heart.
It facilitates heart contraction
The most muscular chamber of the heart is the __________. right ventricle left atrium left ventricle right atrium
Left ventricle
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. right atrium and flows directly to the lungs left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta lungs and flows directly to the left atrium right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
Left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate? exercise parasympathetic stimulation sharply decreased blood volume norepinephrine
Parasymphathetic Simulation
From the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium
Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right atrium and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
Right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________. AV bundle bundle branches AV node SA node subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
SA Node
Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall. subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches AV node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network AV node, SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________. the number of times the heart beats in one minute the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall
The number of times the heart beats in one minute
In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix. True False
True
Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle does not use a sliding filament mechanism for contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells do not rely on calcium ions for contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is not striated. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic.
Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic.
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? gap junctions the coronary circulation a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm the presence of intercalated discs
a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________. an enlarged ventricle cardiac ischemia a myocardial infarction repolarization abnormalities
an enlarged ventricle
The coronary arteries arise from the __________. right atrium superior vena cava pulmonary trunk inferior vena cava aorta
aorta
The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps. chordae tendineae trabeculae carneae pectinate muscles papillary muscleschordae tenndineae
chordae tendineae
The lining of the heart chambers is called the __________. endocardium myocardium pericardium epicardium
endocardium
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium endocardium, epicardium, myocardium myocardium, pericardium, endocardium epicardium, myocardium, endocardium endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the __________. right ventricle and left atrium left and right ventricles left atrium and left ventricle right atrium and right ventricle left and right atria
left and right ventricles
Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood? right ventricle right atrium left atrium left ventricle
left atrium
Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________, and then it passes into the __________ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit). right atrium; right ventricle right ventricle; right atrium left ventricle; left atrium left atrium; left ventricle
left atrium, left ventricle
When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the __________. right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk left ventricle into the aorta right atrium into the right ventricle left atrium into the left ventricle left ventricle into the left atrium
left ventricle into the left atrium
The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the __________. diaphragm epicardium visceral layer of the serous pericardium endocardium myocardium parietal layer of the serous pericardium
parietal layer of the serous pericardium
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________. right ventricle left atrium right atrium left ventricle aorta
right atrium
The tricuspid valve is located between the __________. right and left atria right and left ventricles right ventricle and the aorta right atrium and right ventricle left atrium and left ventricle
right atrium and right ventricle
The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to __________. conduct impulses to the sinoatrial node (SA node) initiate a sinus rhythm slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood initiate ventricular depolarization
slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood
The endocardium is composed of __________. cardiac muscle cells columnar epithelium elastic cartilage squamous epithelium cuboidal epithelium
squamous epithelium
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node. hypoglossal accessory vagus facial
vagus
Cardiac output is __________. the amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole the number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute the number of times the heart beats in one minute
the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling? the fibrous pericardium the pericardial sac the parietal layer of serous pericardium the epicardium
the epicardium
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? The heart is shaped like a cone with the base facing the right shoulder. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. The heart is located between the two lungs within the mediastinum. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is found to the left of the midline.
the heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? the right ventricle the right atrium the pericardium the left ventricle
the left ventricle
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? the aortic semilunar valve the mitral, or bicuspid, valve the tricuspid valve the pulmonary semilunar valve
the mitral, or bicuspid, valve
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________. the muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus the muscle cell will respond only to an exceptionally strong stimulus the muscle cell will respond only to a sub-threshold stimulus the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength the muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus
the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength
The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________. ventricles endocardium atria epicardium
ventricles