Anatomy Midterm 2
In what part of the brain would you find the insula?
Cerebrum
The _____ plexus serves the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest.
Cervical
Which one of the following structures does not contribute to protection of the brain?
The pons
true or false The nervous system responds to change very quickly, but an individual response is very brief; whereas, the endocrine system's response takes longer to take effect, but it lasts for a longer period of time.
True
What is the best description of the pia mater?
contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve?
conveys nerve impulses related to smell
Which cell of the pituitary gland releases hormones that target the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
corticotroph
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is often referred to as the _______________________.
fight-or-flight
The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____.
filum terminale
Lower motor neurons that carry information from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers form the _____.
final common pathway
The hormones of the thyroid gland are stored in microscopic structures called _______________.
follicles
Select the best description of the ependymal cells: form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia form lining of brain ventricles help maintain the blood-brain barrier
form lining of brain ventricles
Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia help maintain the blood-brain barrier
form myelin sheaths in the CNS
Select the best description of the Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes):
form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's area)?
frontal lobe
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary motor area?
frontal lobe
A _____ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside of the brain and spinal cord.
ganglion
In the pancreas, alpha cells secrete
glucagon
_____ secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
gonadtrophs
This special sense is located on the tongue.
gustation
Which of the following is NOT a proprioceptor? hair root plexus joint kinesthetic receptor within synovial joint capsules tendon organ within tendons muscle spindle within skeletal muscles
hair root plexus
Select the best description of astrocytes surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system help maintain the blood-brain barrier form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
help maintain blood-brain barriers
The _____ is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system.
hypothalamus
The _____ is the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, due to its control over secretory activities of the _____ gland.
hypothalamus, pituitary
The infundibulum attaches the _____ to the _____.
hypothalamus; pituitary gland
Select the best description for the function of the posterior column-medial lemniscus:
impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations
Select the best description for the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract:
impulses for pain and temperature sensations
Select the best description for the function of the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts:
impulses for subconscious proprioception
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response
increased motility in stomach and intestines
Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone that:
is secreted along with T3 into the follicles of the thyroid gland.
Which of the following are NOT direct targets of anterior pituitary hormones?
kidneys
Receptors for pressure and vibration that consist of an oval multi-layered capsule surrounding a dendrite, and that are located in the skin as well as subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, are called _____.
lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)
The nerves to and from the lower limbs arise from the:
lumbar enlargement
main difference between neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glia) is:
mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do.
This type of stimulus detection is for the sensations of touch, vibration, hearing and equilibrium. What is it called?
mechanoreception
The pineal gland hormone that helps regulate the body's biological clock is _____.
melatonin
Which of the following contributes to setting the body's biological clock?
melatonin
The connective tissue covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is called the ___________________.
meninges
In what part of the brain would you find the cerebral peduncles?
midbrain
The anterior (ventral) rootlets carry ___________ impulses to the spinal nerves.
motor
The basal ganglia (nuclei) primarily influence _________________ activity.
motor
The efferent neurons carry information to the ____________ and ____________?
muscles and glands
Select the best description for the ceruminous glands:
near the external opening of the external auditory canal
These two systems coordinate functions of the body
nervous and endocrine
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called the:
nodes of Ranvier
Dendrites are processes of a neuron that: are usually myelinated. are usually longer than axons. carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. none of these choices.
none
Cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _____.
subarachnoid space
Select the best description of the satellite cells:
surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia
The junction of one neuron to another neuron is called a _________________?
synapse
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area?
temporal lobe
The hormone that functions to promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics is:
testosterone
Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction?
the axon terminal
The conus medullaris is:
the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
The cell bodies of _____-order sensory neurons are located in the thalamus.
third
The endocrine gland that produces hormones that mediate the proliferation and maturation of T cells of the immune system is the _____.
thymus
Thyrotrophs secrete TSH, the hormone that controls the _____.
thyroid gland
White matter includes:
tracts in the spinal cord
Select the best description of dendrites: stored in synaptic vesicles accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages usually short and branched usually myelinated
usually short and branched
Hormones that regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood are secreted by the _____ region of the adrenal cortex.
zona glomerulosa
Estrogens are produced by cells in the: 1. ovaries. 2. placenta. 3. adrenal cortex.
1,2
From the following list of spinal cord pathways, choose the ones that are together responsible for carrying all conscious sensory information in the spinal cord: 1. spinothalamic 2. gracile fasciculus 3. spinocerebellar 4. posterior column-medial lemniscus 5. cuneate fasciculus
1,2,4,5
Which of the choices listed below are hormones produced by the ovaries? 1. estrogens 2. follicle-stimulating hormone 3. inhibin 4. luteinizing hormone 5. progesterone 6. relaxin
1,3,5,6
Alpha and beta cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas: 1. can be found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) 2. secrete their hormones into the pancreatic duct 3. secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body 4. are responsible for maintaining homeostatic levels of glucose 5. aid in the production of enzymes used for protein digestion
1,4
In what order do the following structures vibrate as sound is transmitted? 1. stapes 2. tympanic membrane 3. oval window 4. incus 5. malleus
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1. sensory neuron 2. motor neuron 3. sensory receptor 4. integrating center 5. effector The correct order is: 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 3, 4, 2, 5 3, 2, 1, 5 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
3, 1, 4, 2, 5
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves, consisting of the following groups: _____ pairs of cervical, _____ pairs of thoracic, _____ pairs of lumbar, _____ pairs of sacral, and _____ pair of coccygeal spinal nerves.
31, 8, 12, 5, 5, 1
Another name for sensory neuron is ________________?
Afferent
_____ (or sensory) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____.
Afferent, receptors, central nervous system
Important functions of the hypothalamus include which of the following: Production of hormones. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns. Control of the ANS. Regulation of eating and drinking. All of these choices are important functions of the hypothalamus.
All
Pyramidal pathways: innervate skeletal muscles only. contain upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons. extend from the cerebral cortex, through the medulla, and then to their destination, either through cranial nerves or through spinal cord tracts and spinal nerves. all of these choices.
All
The gray matter of the spinal cord: all of these choices. contains neuronal cell bodies. is subdivided into regions called horns. is surrounded by white matter
All
The receptors for pain: are free nerve endings called nociceptors. may be stimulated by chemicals released by injured tissues. respond to any type of stimulus if it is of sufficient intensity. all of these choices.
All
The spinal cord is protected by which of the following? all of these choices vertebral column meninges cerebrospinal fluid
All
Which of the following is TRUE? The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is located outside the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A nerve is a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) that lies outside the brain and spinal cord. Ganglia are small masses consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord. All of these choices are correct.
All
Which of the statements below is/are TRUE? The auditory ossicles include the malleus, incus and stapes. The spiral organ or organ of Corti contains the receptors for hearing. The vestibular apparatus includes the semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule. The auricle (pinna) collects sound waves. All of these choices are correct.
All
_____ (or motor) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____ (muscles or glands).
Efferent, central nervous system, effectors
Final common pathways consist of:
Lower motor neurons
_____ is the conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation.
Perception
In what part of the brain would you find the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei?
Thalamus
Which of the following amplifies sound vibrations?
auditory ossicles
This structure carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron:
axon
Which of the following is NOT a cell type of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?
acini
Over time most sensory receptors show a decrease in the responsiveness of the sensory receptor with the resulting perception of the sensation also decreasing. This is called _________________.
adaptation
Another name for the anterior pituitary is the _______________.
adenohypophysis
Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail to the central nervous system?
afferent (sensory)
Which of the following is an adrenal gland hormone that is essential for life?
aldosterone
In the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa cells secrete
aldotersone
The peripheral nervous system includes all of these choices spinal nerves and their branches cranial nerves and their branches ganglia
all of these choices
Motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles have cell bodies in _____ gray horns of the spinal cord, and their axons exit the cord via a/an _____ root.
anterior (ventral), anterior (ventral)
Somatotrophs are cells located in the _____ which secrete _____.
anterior pituitary; human growth hormone (hGH)
Which neuroglia would be most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?
astrocytes
Which of the following undergo continuous cell division to produce new olfactory receptors?
basal cells
What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Parafollicular (C cells) cells secrete _____.
calcitonin
Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce the hormone _____, which helps to regulate the level of _____ in the blood.
calcitonin; calcium
Select the best description of an axon:
carries nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell
The hypophyseal portal veins
carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary.
Third-order neurons:
carry nerve impulses to the primary somatosensory area in the postcentral gyrus
Select the best description of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons:
cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia
Select the best description of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:
cell bodies are in terminal ganglia
What does a posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contain?
cell bodies of sensory neurons
For perception to occur, sensory nerve impulses must reach which of the following levels of the CNS?
cerebral cortex
Which endocrine cell releases parathyroid hormone?
chief cells
The majority of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production is from which of the following sites?
choroid plexuses
The corpus callosum allows information to travel between cerebral hemispheres. Therefore the corpus callosum contains _____ tracts.
commissural
The axon hillock is the part of a neuron that:
connects the axon to the neuron cell body.
Select the best description for the filiform papillae:
contain no taste buds
The white matter of the spinal cord:
contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.
Somatic motor neurons synapse with which of the following?
directly with skeletal muscle cells
The most superficial and dense of the three meningeal layers is called the ___________ layer.
dura
The space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal, which is normally filled with a cushion of fat and connective tissue, is called the _________ space
epidural
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?
occupital lobe
The myelin sheath of central nervous system neurons is produced by:
oligodendrocytes
Diverging circuits allow for transmission of nerve impulses from _____ neuron(s) to _____ neuron(s).
one, several
The hormones of the posterior pituitary are antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin and ____________________.
oxycotin
Another name for nociceptor is __________________.
pain receptor
The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system is mostly responsible for regulating restorative, energy-conserving body activities
parasympathetic
Which of the following raises blood Ca2+ level?
parathyroid hormone
Select the best description of the microglia
phagocytes of the central nervous system
Which of the following contain cell bodies of sensory neurons?
posterior (dorsal) root ganglia
The _____ pathway conducts impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations.
posterior column-medial lemniscus
The pituitary gland consists of two anatomically and functionally separate portions; the smaller _____ is composed of _____ tissue
posterior pituitary; neural
At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a _____ neuron.
presynaptic, postsynaptic
Milk production in the mammary glands is initiated by
prolactin (PRL)
Receptors associated with providing information about body position are classified as which of the following?
proprioceptors
These receptors are normally found in muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear. What is this group of receptors called?
proprioceptors
Which of the following is the type of sensory information carried by the spinocerebellar tracts?
proprioceptors
Which of the following pairs of terms is incorrectly matched? exteroceptors; at or near the surface of the body proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels cutaneous receptors; in skin and mucous membranes interoceptors; in internal organs (viscera)
proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels
Hormones affect a target cell by binding to specific hormone _____ on the cell membrane or in its interior
receptors
Select the best description of Nissl bodies:
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following neuroglia would be found in the peripheral nervous system?
satellite cells
A layer of dense connective tissue that covers the entire eyeball except the cornea is called _____.
sclera
Axons of _____-order neurons cross over to the other side in the brain or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus.
second
Which of the following could serve as an effector for a somatic reflex?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following would be a somatic nervous system effector?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following convey information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscles only?
somatic motor neurons
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the sensation of hearing?
spiral organ
