Anatomy Midterm Review Questions
a partial thickness burn can be described as _______.
1. consisting of 1st or 2nd degree burns 2. should not leave a scar 3. may be the result of a sunburn
Anaerobic respiration may play a role in ___________.
1. production of pyruvic acid 2. production of lactic acid 3. muscle fatigue
Normal muscle function requires the following:
1. substantial energy supply 2. normal circulatory supply 3. normal blood oxygen supply
The _____ major layers of the cutaneous membrane are the _____.
2 ; epidermis and dermis
Given these zones of the epiphyseal plate, arrange them in the correct order. 1. zone of hypertrophy 2. zone of resting cartilage 3. zone of calcification 4. zone of proliferation
2, 4, 1, 3
Intramembranous ossification is usually complete by ______ years of age, whereas endochondral ossification is usually complete by ______ years of age.
2; 18
On average there are how many pairs of true ribs?
7
Vitamin _____ is needed for normal bone growth in children and the stimulation of osteoblast activity.
A
Which event happens immediately after the myosin binds the the actin?
ADP pops off the myosin head
The myosin head becomes "cocked" by the energy being released when the ___________.
ATPase splits ATP
The tropomyosin moves, uncovering the binding sites immediately after _______.
Ca binds to the troponin C
The hardness of bone matrix is due to the presence of ________.
Ca3(PO4)2
What sentence accurately describes melanin and skin color?
Darker pigmented people have the same number of melanocytes but produce more melanin than lighter pigmented people.
The area that extends between two myofilaments in the center of the sarcomere; no overlap of actin and myosin occurs here
H-zone
As estrogen levels drop, _______ levels increase. This results in older women having a higher rate of the bone disease ______.
PTH; osteoporosis
A greenstick fracture is described as __________.
a very common incomplete fracture in young children
Which structure is not located on the scapula?
a. acromion process b. coracoid process c. spine d. olecranon fossa (correct)
The _____ region is the most proximal region listed in the answers.
a. brachial (correct) b. antebrachial c. carpal d. palm
Which statement is not accurate concerning bone remodeling?
a. certain hormones may be released when the blood becomes hypercalcemic b. Ca may be deposited into the matrix if the blood Ca levels are hypocalcemic (correct) c. bones or parts of bones will become thicker and stronger in response to an increase in the forces acting on the bone or the pull of muscles d. none of the answers because all of the statements are accurate
During tissue repair "young cells" produce a substance that is needed for proper tissue repair. Which answer has this young cell properly matched up with the substance it produces?
a. fibrin : cytoblasts b. histamines : granulation tissue c. fibroblasts : collagen (correct) d. prostaglandins : blood clots
Which is not true of secondary union?
a. healing and repair is similar to primary union b. amount of granulation tissue will be the same is primary union but there is less fibrin (correct) c. the edges of the wound are farther apart or there is an extensive loss of tissue d. stitches will be required to minimize scarring
Which of these bone types is not matched with the correct example?
a. long bone - humerus b. short bone - carpal c. irregular bone - vertebrae d. flat bone - shoulder blade (correct)
Which answer is not a pigment that plays a role in determining your skin color or tone?
a. melanin b. hemoglobin c. folate (correct) d. carotene
Which of the following statements is not true?
a. moderate levels of exercise may deplete ATP levels quickly because the three pathways of ATP production do not always function without a proper warmup (correct) b. after exercise you breathe harder until oxygen debt is repaid c. muscle fatigue is the term that is used when a muscle fiber will no longer contract despite continued neural stimulation d. lactic acid is recycled in the muscle fibers and the liver
The thin filaments are made up of 3 proteins. Which answer is not part of the thin filament?
a. myosin (correct) b. tropomyosin c. actin d. troponin
Which of the answers about osteogenesis imperfecta is not true?
a. of the 7 types, type I is the mildest as it is the result of a collagen deficiency b. Type III results in fractures before birth resulting in bent and misshapen limbs c. It is a progressive genetic disorder so it gets worse as a person gets older (correct) d. Some of the more severe forms are a result of collagen deficiencies and defective and defective collagen production
Bone remodeling may occur ___________.
a. only as bones grow b. as bones adjust to stress c. constantly during a persons lifetime d. all of these choices are correct (correct)
Which of these answers is found in compact bone but not in cancellous bone?
a. osteocytes b. canaliculi c. osteons (correct) d. lamella
Which bone or set of bones does not belong with the other 3?
a. pectoral girdle b. upper limbs c. lower limbs d. vertebral column (correct)
Which bone is not found in the proximal row of the carpal bones?
a. scaphoid b. trapezium (correct) c. lunate d. triquetrum
Which group of bones or structures is found exclusively in the appendicular skeleton?
a. scapula, pisiform, femur, fibula, and ulna (correct) b. frontal bone, temporal bone, lumbar vertebrae, and xyphoid process c. cranium, coracoid process, mandible, scapula d. talus, humerus, radius, and sphenoid
All of the following structures are facial bones except for ________.
a. sphenoid (correct) b. palatine c. lacrimal d. zygomatic
Which structure is not located on the temporal bone?
a. styloid process b. external auditory meatus c. supraorbital foramen (correct) d. mastoid process
When comparing the female pelvis with the male pelvis, which of the following statements false?
a. the female pelvis is lighter b. the ilia are wider in the female pelvis c. the sacrum and coccyx are curved less in women than men d. the subpubic angle is 60º in the female pelvis (correct)
Which of the following does not accurately describe the thick filaments?
a. they have a binding site for ATP b. they are made of mostly protein c. they have a golf club shape to them d. they have two sites for binding to the actin (correct)
Which term refers to a projection that helps to form joints?
a. tuberosity b. line c. condyle (correct) d. crest
Which term is a projection that helps to form joints?
a. tuberosity b. crest c. condyle (correct) d. all of the above
Which answer is not an accessory structure of the integumentary?
a. vellus hair b. nails c. sebaceous glands d. nerve endings (correct)
Ca and phosphate are needed for proper bone growth and development. Four other minerals play a role in this. Which one listed below does not play a role in proper growth and development?
a. zinc (correct) b. magnesium c. fluorine d. iron
All 3 portions of the coxal bone fuse together at a central region called the _________.
acetabulum
The neurotransmitter that is associated with the muscular system is ________.
acetylcholine
The "tip of your shoulder" is the _________.
acromion process
The thin filaments are also referred to as ________.
actin
During a contraction what does NOT describe the sarcomere?
actin pulls the thick filaments towards the M-line
This pathway for the regeneration or production of ATP is the most efficient and results in the production of the most ATP.
aerobic respiration
Slightly moveable joints are described as ____________.
amphiarthrosis, like the intervertebral joints
What does NOT accurately describe a factor that may result in fatigue?
an increase in lactic acid, which results in an increase in the pH level
The bellybutton is _____ to the stomach.
anterior
The umbilical region is ______ when compared to the lumbar region.
anterior
Being a sign of sexual maturity is a possible reason the ____ glands become active during puberty?
apocrine
The glands that produce milk are modified ______ glands.
apocrine
The part or parts of the skeletal system that consists of the upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs, and pelvic girdle is the ________.
appendicular skeleton
The cells of the basale layer _______.
are made up of labile cells so they are capable of continued cell growth throughout life
special smooth muscles in the dermis that produce "goose bumps" when contracted are called ________.
arrector pili
During which event will parts of the periosteum fold inward and become the endosteum?
as bones grow thicker
The skeletal system is divided into 2 parts, the ____________.
axial and appendicular
The part or parts of the skeletal system that contain the skull, upper limbs, and pelvic girdle is, or are, called the _______.
axial and appendicular skeleton
The skin cancer that is the most common is _______.
basal cell carcinoma
The layer of the epidermis that is characterized by having actively mitotic cells is the stratum _______.
basale
The thinnest layer (fewest # of cells) of the epidermis is the _______.
basale
Which of the following layers is the "growth layer" of the epidermis?
basale
Which answer has the layers of the epidermis listed in the correct order from the deepest to the most superficial for skin with hair?
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
Which combination of burns will result in about 36% of the body being involved?
both legs front and back
Which muscular disease is caused by a bacteria from the genus clostridium? This bacteria produces a toxin that blocks the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal resulting in the paralysis of the affected muscle fiber.
botulism
Your cheek is in the _____ region.
buccal
In what region of the body is the heal located?
calcaneal
The heel of the foot is formed by the ________ bone.
calcaneus
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where hypertrophied chondrocytes die, blood vessels grow into the area, and osteoblasts get to work is the zone of ________.
calcification
When blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to remove calcium from the blood by placing it into bones or excreting it into the urine?
calcitonin
Which hormone is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphate?
calcitriol
The communicating canals that allow osteocytes to pass information along to each other within the same osteon are called _______.
canaliculi
Spongy bone is often referred to as _________ bone.
cancellous
A muscle that is involuntary and striated is ________.
cardiac
Which type of muscle tissue contains intercalated disks?
cardiac
In babies, eating a lot of this lipid soluble pigment can result in a temporary change in skin color as the pigment builds up in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
carotene
The term inferior is replaced by the term ______ when studying 4 legged animals.
caudal
The only articulation between the axial and appendicular skeletal systems is between the ___________.
clavicle and manubrium
The matrix of the bone is made more flexible by the presence of ________.
collagen
The words dense and smooth can be used to describe ________.
compact bone
The dermis is characterized by being _____, whereas the epidermis is distinguished by being _____.
composed largely of connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
The epidermis is characterized by being _______, whereas dermis is distinguished by being _______.
composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of dense connective tissue
The reticular region of the integumentary system can be described as _____.
consisting of dense irregular connective tissue that interlaces in a net-like fashion
In muscle tissue, the ability to actively generate force to shorten and thicken to do work is referred to as _______.
contractility
Cells of this layer are completely keratinized and the organelles and nuclei of the cells are dead.
corneum
The layer of the epidermis that is made up of the most layers of cells?
corneum
Which of the following answers has the layers of the epidermis listed in the correct order, from the most superficial to the deepest, for hairless skin?
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Most of the hair is made up of cells of this part of the shaft of the hair. It is composed of hard keratin.
cortex
The skull is made up of 2 groups of bones. Which 2?
cranial and facial
This molecule is found in muscle cells and it allows for the direct phosphorylation of ADP.
creatine phosphate
In the pig gut article about tissue regeneration, the molecules that were left behind in the extracellular matrix are called ______; these have the ability to recruit ______ so regeneration can occur.
crypteins; stem cells
Which bone articulates with the 4th metatarsal?
cuboid
The terms reticular region and spinosum describe the 2 parts of the _______.
cutaneous membrane
The terms reticular region and papillary region describe parts of the _____.
dermis
The ankle is _____ when compared to the knee.
distal
The patellar tendon is _____ when compared to the femoral artery.
distal
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle is the __________.
epimysium
The zone of growth in a long bone is referred to as the ________.
epiphyseal plate
This term refers to the skin becoming red as a result of being embarrassed or angry.
erythema
Which of the following choices is not one of the functions of the integumentary system?
excrete urea and citric acid to help form the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth
One function of the skin is to act as a protective barrier and another is to play a role in ______.
excretion
In muscle tissue, the ability to be stretched to normal resting length or beyond is referred to as __________.
extensibility
A naturally good sprinter was probably born with a higher percentage of these types of muscle fibers.
fast twitch
In tissue repair there is a protein that binds the edges of wounds together called ________.
fibrin
In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as ________.
fontanel
Tissue damage and/or cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, or UV radiation is associated with _______.
full thickness burns, first degree burns, red painful skin with blisters
The layer of the epidermis where keratohyalin is produced is the stratum _____.
granulosum
Which of the following choices is not a characteristic of the epidermis?
has a blood supply
What is the major steps of bone repair in order?
hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling
One of the functions of the skeletal system is to produce blood cells in a process called ______.
hematopoiesis
Bone growth in areas other than the skeletal system is called _______.
heterotopic bone formation
The study of tissues is...?
histology
What bone(s) does the arm contain?
humerus
During fetal bone growth, most of the skeleton begins as what type of tissue?
hyaline cartilage
The skin does not include the _____.
hypodermis
When your hands are on your hips, they are touching the _____ region.
iliac
This skin condition is described as yellow crusty lesions caused by highly contagious staphylococcus bacteria?
impetigo
The frequency of muscle stimulation can be varied, one at a time or up to 50 stimuli per second. What is true as the frequency of the stimulation changes?
incomplete tetanus results from a series of stimuli but there is still partial relaxation of the fiber
By varying the number of motor units that are activated you can ______________.
increase or decrease the amount of force of a contraction
The acromial region can be described as _____ and _____ compared to the cranial region.
inferior and lateral
The system of the body that serves as a protective layer, aids in heat retention and loss, and aids in the excretion of urea and uric acid is the _____?
integumentary system
Muscle contractions occur as a result of _________.
interactions between the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere
A vertebrae is an example of ______ bone.
irregular
Endochondral ossification ___________.
is the process that produces most of the skeletal system
When seated a person's body weight is supported by which structure?
ischial tuberosity
The portion of the coxal bone that is defined as being located inferior and posterior is the _________.
ischium
All of the following answers describe the subcutaneous layer except for _____.
it is the deepest layer of the integumentary system
As the cells of the epidermis move towards the surface of the skin they are filled with keratohyalin, they begin to die and toughen up. This process is known as _____.
keratinization
The rooms that osteocytes are found in are called _______.
lacuna
This type of hair is associated with a fetus.
lanugo
In a human, the lungs are _____ to the heart.
lateral
Parietal membranes _____ whereas visceral membranes _____.
line cavity walls; cover organs
An abnormal curvature of the lower spine is called ________.
lordosis
Skin with hair lacks which of the following layers?
lucidum
The vertebra in the picture below is from which level of the vertebral column?
lumbar
Homeostasis is defined as..?
maintaining a stable internal environment
A hole in a bone is called a ________.
meatus
Where would you find the thinnest layer of the dermis?
medial aspect of the arm
Located on the distal portion of the tibia is a large bump on the medial side. What is the name of this structure?
medial malleolus
The _____ divides the thoracic cavity into right and left portions.
mediastinum
The sensory receptors of the skin that play a role in 2 point discrimination are the ______.
meissner's corpuscles
Which answer is the main pigment in determining your natural skin color?
melanin
Which of the following answers is not one of the functions of the integumentary system?
melanin in the skin protects the body as it plays a role in reducing water loss
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls is known as a __________.
motor unit
A muscle cell is also known as a _________.
muscle fiber
A fascicle consists of bundles of _________.
muscle fibers
What answer lists the muscle from largest to smallest?
muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament
The system of the body that is responsible for movement, either internal or external is the ________.
muscular system
The disease that is associated with an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies that block or destroy the neurotransmitter receptors on the sarcolemma is __________.
myasthenia gravis
What lists the order in smallest to largest for structures associated with muscle tissue?
myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, muscle
The muscular system and the nervous system come together at the _____________.
neuromuscular junction
Replacement during tissue repair can be described as the ________.
new cells form a new type of tissue, a scar develops, and a loss of some function may develop
A type of muscle that is voluntary and not striated is _________.
none of the above
The words dense and rough can be used to describe ______.
none of the above
The foramen magnum is associated with the _________ bone.
occipital
Which type of bone fracture is defined as consisting of a wound that extends through the skin down to the fracture site or the bone protrudes through the skin?
open fracture
Extremely complex functions first become possible at which level of complexity?
organ
A patient comes into your office and describes the following: After a couple of days having a fever and chills and staying in bed, he got up to go to the bathroom, got dizzy and fell to the floor but quickly recovered. How would you diagnose these symptoms?
orthostatic hypotension due to dehydration
The replacement of other tissues with bone is the definition of ________.
ossification
The most common form of arthritis is _________.
osteoarthritis
In new bone formation, the cells that produce the matrix are the _______.
osteoblasts
What bone cells have their origins associated with white blood cells?
osteoclasts
Which cell is characterized by containing up to 50 nuclei and destroys bone matrix?
osteoclasts
What occurs during osteolysis?
osteoclasts are releasing proteolytic enzymes to dissolve the matrix
Mature bone cells are called ________.
osteocytes
The process of making new bone is referred to as _______.
osteogenesis
The sensory receptors that may respond to vibrations and deep cutaneous pressure are _______.
pacinian receptors
This bone makes up the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
palatine
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers is the __________.
perimysium
A surgeon needs to drill into a long bone to insert a pin, what lists the correct order for the structures that the surgeon will encounter as the pin goes through the diaphysis of the bone?
periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, compact bone, and periosteum
Which cavity is the most specific for the correct location of the lungs?
pleural
During a pregnancy, certain hormones will become elevated and remain elevated. This is an example of what?
positive feedback
During tissue repair, the presence of granulation tissue will ______.
possibly result in a scar
Eccrine glands are described as _____.
produces regular sweat
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes increase in number and are arranged in stacks of coins is the zone of _______.
proliferation
The knee is _____ when compared to the ankle.
proximal
If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your ________.
radius
Which answer is true in regard to the information in the hyponatremia article?
regulating body temperature and maintaining blood volume and pressure are some of the crucial functions of that water perform in your body
The lymphatic system is described as;
removes foreign substances from the blood, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and transports fats from the digestive system
The system of the body that is described by the following, exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the environment and the cells, and regulates blood pH is the ______ system.
respiratory
Folds in the papillary region _____.
results in fingerprints
Insufficient amounts of vitamin D may result in a childhood condition known as _______.
rickets
If you start with your palm resting against your thigh while standing, during supination the radius _________.
rotates as the thumb moves away from the body
In what region of the body is described as the base of the vertebral column located between the hip bones?
sacral
The plane that will divide the body into unequal left and right portions is the ____ plane.
sagittal
The functional unit of the muscle is the _______.
sarcomere
The structure that is the calcium reservoir is the _________.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which answer is correct in terms of scarring and scar formation?
scarring is the result of your body quickly sealing off the site of the injury to keep bacteria out of the body
Oily skin and hair is a result of ___________.
sebum being released from the sebaceous glands
Bones that are defined as being small, round, flat and usually found within a tendon are _______.
sesamoid bones
The system of the body that is responsible for the protection of softer organs, support, the storage of minerals and fats, and the production of blood cells is the _______ system.
skeletal
Which fibers contain the most myoglobin, resulting in the dark meat of poultry?
slow twitch fibers
The muscle that is located in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, bladder, and uterus is _________.
smooth
The trabeculae are a defining characteristic of _________.
spongy bone
Which suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone?
squamous
What does not describe the muscular system?
stability of joints, as ligaments connect muscle to bone
Cells that do not replicate after growth stops but retain the ability to do so are classified as ______.
stable cells and bone is a good example of this
Anatomy and physiology studies the _____.
structures and functions of the human body
The curves that help distinguish women from men are created by the ____.
subcutaneous layer
The muscle, compared to the bone, is best described as?
superficial
Moving ______ from the bones brings you to the muscles.
superficially
The eyes are _____ compared to the mental region.
superior and lateral
Which subdivision of anatomy refers to the study of the external form and its relationship to deeper structures?
surface anatomy
The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and transfers the weight toward the toes is the ________.
talus
Around the time of puberty, _____ hairs replaced the ______ hairs in areas such as the axillary and pubic regions.
terminal; vellus
Immediately after ACh binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma, ____________.
the "impulse" is converted back to an electrical impulse
What is NOT correct based on the concept that a graded response allows us to have a variety of muscle contractions because we can select _______________.
the activation of slow twitch vs fast twitch fibers
While out hiking in the woods the temperature unexpectedly drops and you are unprepared for the sudden drop in the temperature. As you get colder your ears turn white and then red. This pattern repeats itself over the next 30 minutes. What explains what is happening?
the blood flow to your ears will fluctuate as your body attempts to keep your core warm but occasionally makes sure your ears still have enough warmth so they do not freeze
Which of the statements best describes the anatomical position?
the body facing forward with the arms by the side and palms forward
Just before Ca is released from its reservoir _____________.
the electric impulse travels down the t-tubule
Where would you find the thinnest layer of the epidermis?
the epidermis is equal thickness in the arm
The atlas is the name of ________.
the first vertebra
It is theorized that lighter skin pigmentation is an evolutionary response to _______.
the need to produce vitamin D as the skin is exposed to sunlight in weak areas
Troponin is ____________.
the protein that is made up of three subunits, 1 for actin, 1 for calcium, 1 for tropomyosin
You are standing with your upper limb hanging next to your body and the palm of your hand is against your leg, when you pronate your forearm what occurs?
the radius rotates as the thumb moves medially towards the leg
The name of the cell membrane for a muscle cell is _________.
the sarcolemma
What does not accurately describe thick filaments?
they are the myofibril that is also known as myosin
A vertebra that has a circular vertebral foramen and a body that is a little larger than the vertebral foramen is from which region of the vertebral column?
thoracic
The weight bearing bone of the lower leg is the ________.
tibia
Your patellar ligament will attach to which structure?
tibial tuberosity
The restoration of tissue architecture and function is the definition of _____.
tissue repair
What large protein holds the myosin filaments in position and allows the sarcomere to stretch and recoil?
titin
What lists the distal row of the carpal bones?
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
The rope like protein that covers the binding sites on the actin is ________.
tropomyosin
On the thin filament, there is a smaller globular protein with 3 subunits. Which subunit binds to actin?
troponin I
The small globular subunit of the thin filament that binds to actin is ________.
troponin I
Which form of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most severe, it is lethal?
type II OI
What vitamin plays a role in the synthesis of collagen?
vitamin C
Which vitamin is involved with the synthesis of calcitriol?
vitamin D
Which bone forms most of the nasal septum?
vomer
The bone that creates the lateral aspect of the eye socket is the ________.
zygomatic
