anatomy nervous system
cerebellum
controls balance and equilibrium
polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell
during the resting state, a neuron is _____
neuroglia aren't able to conduct nerve impulses but neurons are specialized to do this, but glial cells never lose the ability to divide
explain how neurons and neuroglia are functionally different
ANS
functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors
sensory (afferent) division
functional nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves
potassium
immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium
myelinated
impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ____
sensory: consists of nerves that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body integration: combining info from many sources Ex: vision, hearing, touch, etc. motor: carries impulses from CNS to effector organs, the muscles and glands
list and explain the three general functions of the nervous system
cerebellum
loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the _____
the all-or-none response
neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. this statement best describes which response
multipolar
neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons) are structurally classified as ____
breathing
one of the major functions of the pons is to control ______
brain stem
pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata
cerebrum
primary motor area
cerebrum
primary somatic sensory area
broca's area
sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. the part of her brain that deals with the physical ability to speak is the ____
PNS
structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves
CNS
structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord
motor (efferent) division
subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events
neuroglia
support cells grouped in the central nervous system
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
irritability and conductivity
the 2 major functional properties of the neurons are
infectious agents like bacteria and viruses
the blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ______
meninges
the brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by 3 connective tissue membranes that are collectively called the _____
pia
the delicate and innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the _____ mater
2 things are wrong: first, if he can't move his right side, the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for this. the left controls the right side of the body and vice versa. second, the primary motor area provides conscious motor control of skeletal muscles
the family of mr sanchez has learned that his cerebrovascular accident (CVA, or stroke) has impaired his ability to move the right side of his body. they were told the CVA involved the primary somatic sensory area in the right cerebral hemisphere. did they receive correct info? explain
synaptic cleft
the gap between two communicating neurons
pituitary gland
the hypothalamus regulates the _____
corpus callosum
the large bundles of fibers that allows communication between the 2 cerebral hemispheres is called the _____
connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways
the major role of the interneuron (associated neuron) is to _____
brain stem
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ______
central and peripheral
the nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems, _____ and ______
dendrites
the neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called this
vagus
the only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ____ nerves
axon
the part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses war from the cell body
thalamus
the portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the ______
parietal
the primary center of the feeling of touch is located in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum
axon
the schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around this
a neurotransmitter
the substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse
autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ______
brain and spinal cord
the term central nervous system refers to the _____ and ______
dicephalon (interbrain)
the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the _____
medulla oblongata
the vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the _____
schwann
these cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
interneurons (associated neurons)
these connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system
1. sodium rushes into cell 2. potassium leaves cell 3. adjacent cells are stimulated
what are the 3 steps of action potential in order
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
what brain dysfunction is also known as a stroke
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
what is the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
what is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc
2, 1, 4, 3
what is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events in a nerve impulse: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
what is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior
frontal lobe
a stroke in the primary motor area has caused don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body, what lobe of his brain was damaged
sodium
an action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell _____