Anatomy, Practice Test 5
Which of the following type of fracture occurs across the long axis of a bone shaft? displaced fracture compression fracture comminuted fracture Pott's fracture transverse fracture
transverse fracture
A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a ________. trochanter trochlea spine line crest
trochlea
The endosteum is best described as ________. a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone an incomplete layer All of the answers are correct. the inside lining of the central canals and perforating canals
All of the answers are correct.
The matrix of bone include ________. calcium phosphate calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate All of the answers are correct. None of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following are recommended to slow the progression of osteoporosis? calcitonin dietary increase of calcium supplemental estrogen exercise All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
If a long bone that was found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? The person had many injuries. The person was not mature. The person was a male. The person was elderly. None of the answers are correct.
The person was not mature.
What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? They line the central canals of the growing bone. They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. They remain within the bone matrix. They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage. None of the answers are correct.
They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.
________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction. Lamellae Central canals Trabeculae Lacunae Perforating canals
Trabeculae
A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________. an osteocyte located in a lacuna stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland an osteoclast an osteoblast
an osteoblast
Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid? arthroscopy MRI arthrocentesis X-ray DEXA
arthrocentesis
Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression. reticular fibers calcium phosphate crystals osteocytes collagen fibers osteoclasts
calcium phosphate crystals
The periosteum ________. is vital in blood cell formation consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue covers articular cartilage covers the outside of bones lines the medullary cavity
covers the outside of bones
A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________. meatus crest condyle facet trochlea
crest
After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges. spicule blood clot internal callus fracture hematoma external callus
internal callus
The skeletal system participates in ________. absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements maintaining bodily fluids calcium levels facilitating transmission of nerve impulses cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys All of the answers are correct.
maintaining bodily fluids calcium levels
The diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis by a narrow zone called the ________. endosteum metaphysis periosteum medulla lacuna
metaphysis
Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men? regular exercise cosmetic surgery hormone supplements mega doses of vitamins None of the answers are correct.
regular exercise
Which is a major function of the skeletal system? storage of glucose maintenance of interstitial fluid composition support of the body production of ATP None of the answers are correct.
support of the body
Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________. flat bones sutural bones sesamoid bones pneumatized bones endochondral bones
sutural bones
Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone? trabeculae central canal canaliculi medullary cavity lacunae
trabeculae
Perforating canals ________. transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone are always associated with osteons in spongy bone All of the answers are correct.
transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone
Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________. rami condyles and trochleae fossae, sulci, and foramina trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles canals and fissures
trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles
Bones have a vascular supply that is ________. very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed poor, therefore healing is very limited very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone supplied simply by one artery None of the answers are correct.
very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone
Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced. 100% 1/3 (33.33%) 1/5 (20%) 1/4 (25%) 1/2 (50%)
1/5 (20%)
Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________. 30-40 50-60 20-30 40-50 10-20
30-40
During endochondral bone formation, ________. cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________. other connective tissues neural tissues smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls) All of the answers are correct. None of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following describes a central canal? contains an artery runs parallel to bone surface also called Haversian canal contains a vein All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained? Colles fracture greenstick fracture compound fracture displaced fracture None of the answers are correct.
Colles fracture
Which diagnostic procedure measures bone loss? MRI DEXA X-ray arthroscopy arthrocentesis
DEXA
A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments. True False
False
Endochondral ossification forms the mandible. True False
False
Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity. True False
False
Osteoporosis is common in elderly males. True False
False
Periosteum lines the medullary cavity. True False
False
The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone. True False
False
The endosteum is usually many layers thick. True False
False
Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? Osteoblasts lay down bone on a membranous template. The bone grows in length and in diameter. Osteoclasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. Osteocytes differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. None of the answers are correct.
The bone grows in length and in diameter.
The central canals connect the lacunae to one another. True False
False
The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. True False
False
Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones. irregular pneumatized short sesamoid flat
Flat
Which of the following statements is/are true of the growth of the skeleton? Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. It begins to ossify at eight weeks of gestational age. All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers are correct.
It begins to ossify at eight weeks of gestational age.
An abnormal gene on chromosome 15 that affects the protein fibrillin results in this disorder. rickets Marfan syndrome acromegaly osteomalacia gigantism
Marfan syndrome
Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves. Only the periosteum is innervated. Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. Bones are not innervated. The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.
The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.
How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. They ensure that intramembranous ossification occurs throughout life. None of the answers are correct.
They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________. radial lamellae interstitial lamellae circumferential lamellae longitudinal lamellae concentric lamellae
circumferential lamellae
Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone. calcium hydroxide collagen hydroxyapatite sodium phosphate calcium phosphate
collagen
The surface of all bones are covered by a layer of ________. spongy bone trabecular bone spicules cancellous bone compact bone
compact bone
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? epithelial tissue muscle tissue connective tissue neural tissue None of the answers are correct.
connective tissue
Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification. intrachondral synovial symphyseal endochondral intramembranous
intramembranous
The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels. periosteal endochondral epiphyseal endosteal metaphyseal
metaphyseal
In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals? capillaries nerves osteocytes osteons osteoclasts
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________. osteoblasts osteoplasts osteoprogenitor cells osteocytes osteoclasts
osteocytes
The physical process of bone formation is called ________. fertilization embryogenesis disintegration articulation osteogenesis
osteogenesis
The functional unit of mature compact bones is called the cylindrical ________. lamellae canaliculi trabeculae perforating canals osteons
osteons
Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken? osteoblast osteoclast red marrow cell osteoprogenitor cell osteocyte
osteoprogenitor cell
Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys? thyroid hormone calcitonin growth hormone calcitriol parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds. epiphyseal line primary ossification center periosteum metaphysis secondary ossification center
primary ossification center
Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft. spicule secondary ossification center trabecula Haversian system primary ossification center
primary ossification center
An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________. ramus sulcus fossa condyle meatus
ramus
Children whose bones bend laterally producing a bowlegged appearance is a result of ________. gigantism acromeagaly osteomalacia Marfan's syndrome rickets
rickets
Treating an open fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________. risk of infection potential nerve damage nerve damage the severity of open fractures None of the answers are correct.
risk of infection
A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a ________. ramus fissure sinus condyle sulcus
sinus
A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________. greenstick fracture Pott fracture comminuted fracture compression fracture spiral fracture
spiral fracture
The two types of osseous tissue are ________. Haversian and lamellar bones spongy and compact bones spicular and trabecular bones trabecular and osteoclastic bones None of the answers are correct.
spongy and compact bones
The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________. to produce new osteoblasts to produce new bone matrix to secrete the organic components of the matrix to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate None of the answers are correct.
to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone? humerus vertebra ulna carpal bone patella
vertebra
Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol? vitamin A vitamin C sodium calcium vitamin D
vitamin D
The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone. True False
True
The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone. True False
True
Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? displaced fracture spiral fracture transverse fracture comminuted fracture compression fracture
displaced fracture
A long bone increases in length until ________. . death; bones grow as long as we are alive expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends the body runs out of calcium appositional growth starts epiphyseal closure occurs
epiphyseal closure occurs
An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________. ethmoid bone femur parietal bone mandible vertebra
ethmoid bone
A small, flat articular surface is a ________. line facet spine trochlea sulcus
facet
An elongated cleft is a(n) ________. meatus fissure foramen antrum canal
fissure
The scapula is an example of what type of bone? flat irregular short sutural long
flat
Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? condyle process fossa foramen ramus
foramen
A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________. trochanter fossa tubercle tuberosity foramen
fossa
The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________. mature red blood cells immature red blood cells osteocytes adipocytes stem cells
adipocytes
The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a ________. head tubercle fissure fossa neck
head
Endochondral ossification begins with ________. articular cartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage None of the answers are correct.
hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? protein blood cells calcium adipose tissue All of the answers are correct.
blood cells
The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________. intramembranous ossification bone remodeling endochondral ossification osteomalacia internal callus formation
bone remodeling
The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________. ossification osteogenesis hardening osteolysis calcification
calcification
Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine. thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone growth hormone calcitriol calcitonin
calcitonin
Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite. blood vessels calcium hydroxide collagen potassium carbonate oxygen
calcium hydroxide
What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone? The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart. Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone. There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size. As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity. None of the answers are correct.
As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.
A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones. epiphyseal Pott's comminuted greenstick Colles
Pott's
Which of the following is a classification of bone shape? Sesamoid triangular indefinite square round
Sesamoid
A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments. True False
True
A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall. True False
True
Pre-puberty hypersecretion of growth hormone results in gigantism. True False
True
An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly. rickets Marfan's syndrome achondroplasia gigantism osteomalacia
achondroplasia
