Anatomy Week 4

Contraction of the suprahyoid mm. will depress the jaw, but only if the infrahyoid muscle are also contracted to stablize the position of the hyoid bone. If the infrahyoid mm. does not contact, contraction of the suprahyoid mm. will elevate the hyoid bone instead of depressing the jaw.

Contraction of the suprahyoid mm. will __________ the _______, but only if the infrahyoid muscles are also ______________ to stablize the position of the hyoid bone. If the infrahyoid mm does not contract, contraction of the suprahyoid mm. will ___________ the ________ bone instead of depressing the jaw.

Commissures are nerve tracts that connect the left and right sides of the brain.

__________ are nerve tracts that connect the left and right sides of the brain.

A certain region of the pre-central gyrus contains all the upper motor neurons responsible for motor function for the hand, and another for the foot, and on and on for the entire body. In the post-central gyrus, there is a specific region that receives sensory signals from the hand, another from the foot, and another from the face.

A certain region of the pre-central gyrus contains all the ______ ________ neurons responsible for motor function for the hand, and another for the foot and on and on for the entire body. In the post-central gyrus, there is a specific region that receives _____________ signals from the hand, another from the foot, and another from the face.

Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

All the infrahyoid muscles are innverated by what?

From the thalamus, a third order sensory neuron relays an action potential to post-central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex). Neurons in the post-central gyrus determine what part of the body the sensation is coming from and what type of sensation it is. Finally the sensation moves from the post-central gyrus to a slightly more distal portion of parietal lobe called the somatosensory association area.

From the thalamus, a third order sensory neuron relays an action potential to the ____-________ _________ (=_______ ______________ _________). Neurons in the post-central gyrus determine what part of the of the body the __________ is coming from and what type of ___________ it is. Finally, the sensation moves from the post-central gyrus to a slightly more ________ portion of the __________ lobe called the __________________ association area.

experience, interpreted

In the association area, the incoming sensory information is further processed, and based on prior _________________ and other incoming sensory information a determination is made of how that sensory information should be ______________.

Information from the frontal association area passes to the most posterior region of the frontal lobe, the primary motor cortex (or pre-central gyrus). This contains the upper motor neurons. The axons of the upper motors neurons forms descending nerve tracts that travel down the spinal cord and synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The axons of those lower motor neurons travel out of the spinal cord, through the ventral root and join the sensory neurons of the dorsal root to form spinal nerves.

Information from the frontal association area passes to the most ___________ region of the frontal lobe, the __________ _________ __________ (or ___-________ __________). This contains the ______ ________ neurons. The axons of the upper motor neurons form _____________ nerve tracts that down the spinal cord and synapse with ________ ________ neurons in the ________ horn of the ________ matter of the spinal cord. The axons of those lower motor neurons travel out of the spinal cord, through the ventral root and join the ___________ neurons of the ________ root to form _________ _________.

a. Digastric (anterior belly) b. Geniohyoid c. Mylohyoid d. Sylohyoid e. Digastric (posterior belly)

Label A-E

Frontal association area

Motor programming primarily occurs where in the brain?

The action of the scalene muscles is elevation of the first and second ribs. It is innervated by C3-C8. The site of origin is C2-C7 and its insertion are the first and second ribs.

The action of the scalene muscles is elevation of the _______ and ________ _____. It is innervated by _____-_____. The site of origin is ____-_____ and its insertion are the __________ and ___________ _______.

The anterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal n. (CN V) via the mylohyoid n.

The anterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the ______________ branch (V___) of the ___________ n. (CN ____) via the ____________ n.

Receptors respond to somatic sensation by producing action potentials that move along the axons of somatic sensory first order neurons that are part of nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Those axons travel through a spinal nerve, into a dorsal root, and synapse in the dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord. From there a second order neuron relays the action potential up through the spinal cord and to a region of the brain called the thalmus.

Receptors respond to somatic sensation by producing _____________ ___________ that move along the axons of somatic sensory first order neurons that are part of nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Those axons travel through a spinal nerve, into a _______ root, and synapse in the _______ horn of the _______ matter of the spinal cord. From there a second order neuron relays the action potential up through the spinal cord and to a region of the brain called the _____________.

The borders of the anterior triangle of the neck are the SCM, the inferior margin of the mandible, and the anterior midline of the neck.

The borders of the anterior triangle of the neck are the ______, the inferior margin of the ____________, and the anterior midline of the _______.

The borders of the posterior triangle of the neck are the SCM, the anterior margin of the traps, and the superior margin of the clavicle.

The borders of the posterior triangle of the neck are the ______, the anterior margin of the _______, and the superior margin of the ___________.

The "axis" of the brain and the brain stem

The cerebrum contains what?

The "cranial" part of CN XI is actually part of the vagus n. (XI) and it has a very brief anatomical association with the spinal part of the nerve. The spinal part of CN XI arises from branches of the anterior rami of C1-C6, which ascend along the cervical spinal cord, enter the foramen magnum, and the exit the jugular foramen. The spinal accessory n. innervates the traps and the SCM.

The "cranial" part of CN XI is actually part of the __________ n. (___) and it has a very brief anatomical association with the spinal part of the nerve. The spinal part of CN XI arises from branches of the ___________ rami of ___-____, which __________ along the cervical spinal cord, enter the foramen magnum, and the exit the _____________ foramen. The spinal accessory n. innervates the _______ and the ________.

The 4 paired extrinisic tongue muscles are those that originate on bone and insert into the tongue itself. They move the tongue around the inside the mouth. The fours muscles are the hyoglossus m., palatoglossus m. (CN X), and Syloglossus m.

The 4 paired extrinisic tongue muscles are those that originate on __________ and insert into the ________ itself. They move the tongue around the inside the mouth. The fours muscles are the hyoglossus m., palatoglossus m. (CN X), and Syloglossus m.

The Ophthalmic branch (V1) and and Maxillary branch (V2) are only sensory, while V3 carries some motor fibers to the muscles of mastication (masseter m., temporalis m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygold m.) as well as the tensor tympani m., the tensor veli palatini m. and the anterior belly of the diagastric m.

The Ophthalmic branch (V1) and and Maxillary branch (V2) are only ___________, while V3 carries some ________ fibers to the muscles of ____________ (masseter m., temporalis m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygold m.) as well as the tensor tympani m., the tensor veli palatini m. and the anterior belly of the diagastric m.

The Platysma m. draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it. Innervated by the cervical branch of the facial n. (CN VII). The origin is the subcutaneous tissue in the region of the clavicle and the insertion is the mandible, cheek, lower lip, angle of the mouth, and orbicularis oris.

The Platysma m. draws the corners of the ________ __________ and ________ it. Innervated by the _________ branch of the facial n. (CN VII). The origin is the ______________ tissue in the region of the _________ and the insertion is the ___________, _________, lower _______, angle of the ___________, and _________________ ______.

The posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the mandibular branch of the facial n. (CN VII).

The Posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the _____________ branch of the _________ nerve (CN ___).

The SCM allows for unilateral contraction, rotates the head to the opposite side, and bilateral contraction flexes the neck (bends it forward). It is innervated by the accessory n. (CN XI). Its origin is the manubrium of the sternum and medial part of the clavicle and its insertion is the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

The SCM allows for unilateral contraction, rotates the head to the opposite side, and bilateral contraction flexes the neck (bends it forward). It is innervated by the ______________ n. (CN XI). Its origin is the ____________ of the __________ and medial part of the __________ and its insertion is the __________ __________ of the ____________ bone.

The hyoid bone which is referred to as the "skeleton of the tongue", is suspended in the superior neck by muscles that attach to it both superiorly (suprahyoid m.) and inferiorly (infrahyoid m.)

The ______ bone which is referred to as the "skeleton of the tongue", is suspended in the superior neck by muscles that attach to it both superiorly (___________ m.) and inferiorly (__________ m.)

The cervical plexus is made up of the ventral rami of the C1-C4 spinal nerves. The sensory branches of the plexus emerge from the posterior border of the SCM and carry sensation from the skin of the neck. The motor part of the plexus is the ansa cervicalis and phrenic nn.

The cervical plexus is made up of the _________ rami of the ___-____ spinal nerves. The sensory branches of the plexus emerge from the ___________ border of the _______ and carry sensation from the skin of the neck. The motor part of the plexus is the _______ ___________ and ______ nn.

The external jugular vein is a superficial vein that runs along the anterior surface of the SCM, collects most of the venous blood from the exterior of the skull, and drains into the subclavian vein.

The external jugular vein is a superficial vein that runs along the anterior surface of the ______, collects most of the venous blood from the exterior of the ________, and drains into the _____________ vein.

The facial a. is a branch of the external carotid a. and typically emerges between the mandible and submandibular salvary gland to cross the mandible into the face. The artery ascends through the face and becomes the the angular a. where it runs between the nose and the orbit. The facial v. is a continuation of the angular v. and drains into the internal jugular v.

The facial a. is a branch of the __________ _________ a. and typically emerge between the __________ and the ________________ ___________ gland to cross the mandible into the face. The artery ascends through the face and becomes the __________ a. where it runs between the nose and the orbit. The facial v. is a continuation of the angular v. and drains into the _____________ _____________ v.

The facial n. (CN VII) supplies somatic motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression through one of its 5 main branches, which are named according to the region of the face they are going to. In addition to the muscles of facial expression, the facial n. also innervates the stapedius m.., the posterior belly of the diagastric m. and the sylohyoid m. The chorda tympani (branch of the facial n. ) carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and parasympathetic innervation (secretomotor) to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. The facial n. also provides parasympathetic innervation to the muscosa of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal and oral cavities, and the lacrimal gland.

The facial n. (CN VII) supplies __________ __________ innervation to the muscles of facial expression through one of its 5 main branches, which are named according to the region of the face they are going to. In addition to the muscles of facial expression, the facial n. also innervates the _______________ ____., the posterior belly of the ____________ m. and the sylohyoid m. The chorda tympani (branch of the ___________ ___.) carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and _________________ innervation (______________) to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. The facial n. also provides _____________________ innervation to the muscosa of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal and oral cavities, and the lacrimal gland.

b

The function of the Sternohyoid m..: a. Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone b. Depresses hyoid bone c. Depresses thyroid cartilage d. Elevates thyroid cartilage or depresses hyoid bone

c

The function of the Sternothyroid muscle: a. Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone b. Depresses hyoid bone c. Depresses thyroid cartilage d. Elevates thyroid cartilage or depresses hyoid bone

d

The function of the Thyrohyoid muscle: a. Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone b. Depresses hyoid bone c. Depresses thyroid cartilage d. Elevates thyroid cartilage or depresses hyoid bone

a

The function of the omohyoid m.: a. Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone b. Depresses hyoid bone c. Depresses thyroid cartilage d. Elevates thyroid cartilage or depresses hyoid bone

The hypoglossal n. runs just superficial to the internal and external carotid aa. in its path toward the tongue, good landmark for finding the occipitial a. The hypoglossal n. is only motor and it innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic mm. of the tongue, with the exception of the palatoglossus which is innervated by CN X. Its passes through the hypoglossal canal to exit the skull.

The hypoglossal n. runs just superficial to the internal and external carotid aa. in its path toward the tongue, good landmark for finding the ______________ a. The hypoglossal n. is only _________ and it innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic mm. of the tongue, with the exception of the ______________ which is innervated by CN X. Its passes through the hypoglossal canal to exit the skull.

The internal jugular v. forms at the exit of the jugular foramen and recieves all venous blood from the sigmoid sinus (therefore all the venous blood from the intracranial circulation), runs in the carotid sheath with the carotid a. and the vagus n., the joins with the subclavian v. to form the brachiocephalic v.

The internal jugular v. forms at the exit of the jugular foramen and recieves all venous blood from the ________ ________ (therefore all the venous blood from the _____________ circulation), runs in the _________ _______ with the carotid a. and the vagus n., the joins with the _____________ v. to form the ___________________ v.

The laryngeal prominence (aka thyroid prominence or Adam's apple) is the anterior attachment site for the vocal cords. Men typically have a larger laryngeal prominence than women, and therefore longer vocal cords and therefore a voice with lower pitch, because longer vocal cords vibrate at a lower frequency than shorter vocal cords.

The laryngeal prominence (aka _________ prominence or ________ ________) is the anterior attachment site for the ______ __________. Men typically have a larger laryngeal prominence than women, and therefore longer vocal cords and therefore a voice with lower pitch, because longer vocal cords vibrate at a lower frequency than shorter vocal cords. Chondrolaryngoplasty is aka Adam's apple shave and is a common procedure for trans women who wish to reduce the appearance of their Adam's apple, sometimes referred to as neck feminization.

The mylohyoid muscle is innervated by the Mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar n. which is a branch of the Trigeminal n. (V3)

The mylohyoid muscle is innervated by the ____________ branch of the ___________ ___________ n. which is a branch of the _______________ n. (V___).

The occipitofrontalis m. (=epicranus) has two bellies (an occipital belly and a frontal belly) seperated by an epicranial aponeurosis (the galea aponeurotica).

The occipitofrontalis m. (=epicranus) has two bellies (an occipital belly and a frontal belly) seperated by an ______________ __________ (the galea aponeurotica).

mandible, hyoid

The origin of the Geniohyoid m. is the ____________ and the insertion is the __________ bone.

The origin of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle is the mandible and the insertion is the intermediate tendon which is attached to the hyoid bone. The origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is mastoid process or hyoid bone and the insertion is the same as the anterior belly.

The origin of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle is the __________ and the insertion is the ____________ tendon which is attached to the _______ bone. The origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is _________ ________ or __________ bone and the insertion is the same as the anterior belly.

mandible, hyoid

The origin of the mylohyoid muscle is the mylohyoid line of the _____________ and the insertion is the body of the ________ bone.

The parotid duct connects the parotid salivary gland to the inside of the cheek and passes through the buccinator muscle.

The parotid duct connects the parotid salivary gland to the __________ of the _____________ and passes through the _____________ muscle.

The parotid salivary gland is one of the three pairs of salivary glands, the parotid is the largest of the salivary glands, is innervated by part of the glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), and empties saliva into the mouth through the parotid duct.

The parotid salivary gland is one of the three pairs of salivary glands, the parotid is the ___________ of the salivary glands, is innervated by part of the glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), and empties _________ into the mouth through the parotid duct.

The pre-central gryus is the primary motor cortex: upper motor neurons.

The pre-central gyrus is the primary _________ cortex: ________ ________ neurons

The roots of the brachial plexus emerge between the anterior and middle scalene m. They are the ventral rami of spinal nn. C5-T1 and they provide sensory and motor innervation to the upper extremity.

The roots of the brachial plexus emerge between the anterior and middle ____________ m. They are the _________ rami of spinal nn. _____-_____, and they provide sensory and motor innervation to the ________ _____________.

The stapedius m. is the smallest skeletal muscle in the body and attaches to the smallest bone in the body- the stapes. The stapedius muscle controls the amplitude of sound waves entering the middle ear. It is innervated by the facial n.. The origin is the bone in the middle of the ear known as the pyramidal eminence and the insertion is the stapes bone.

The stapedius m. is the ___________ skeletal muscle in the body and attaches to the _________ bone in the body- the _______. The stapedius muscle controls the _____________ of _______ _________ entering the _________ ear. It is innervated by the ___________ ___. The origin is the bone in the ________ of the ear known as the pyramidal eminence and the insertion is the __________ bone.

shape

There are also 4 paired intrinsic tongue muscle. There are muscles that have both attachments in the tongue and change the ______ of the tongue. They are named according to their orientation within the tongue.

b

What is the origin and insertion of the structure within this image? a. Orgin: Zygomatic bone; Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth b. Orgin: Zygomatic bone; Insertion: Skin of the upper lip

1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Mandible 5. Cervical

What are the five main branches of the facial nerve?

How find the motor control to and sensation from that part of the body is.

What does the amount of cortex devoted to a certain region of the body correspond to?

A nerve

What is a bundle of axons in the PNS called?

ganglion

What is a concentration of neuron cells bodies in the PNS called?

gyri are folds and sulci (aka fissures) are valleys.

What is a series of folds and valleys called in the brain?

b

What is the action of the structure in green? a. Depresses the angle of the mouth, as in frowning b. Puckers the lips, as in kissing c. Elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin d. Compresses the cheeks against the teeth

c

What is the action of the structure in green? a. Depresses the angle of the mouth, as in frowning b. Puckers the lips, as in kissing c. Elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin d. Compresses the cheeks against the teeth

d

What is the action of the structure in green? a. Depresses the angle of the mouth, as in frowning b. Puckers the lips, as in kissing c. Elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin d. Compresses the cheeks against the teeth

a

What is the action of the structure in red? a. Depresses the angle of the mouth, as in frowning b. Puckers the lips, as in kissing c. Elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin d. Compresses the cheeks against the teeth

Surface area is increased which allow more room for neurons, which allows for more integration (processing power)

What is the effect of folding in the brain?

Somatic motor

What is the general function for the frontal lobe?

C1

What is the geniohyoid m. innervated by?

a

What is the innervation for the structure highlighted in this image? a. Zygomatic branch of facial n. (CNVII) b. Temporal branch of facial n. (CNVII) c. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII)

b

What is the innervation for the structure highlighted in this image? a. Zygomatic branch of facial n. (CNVII) b. Temporal branch of facial n. (CNVII) c. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII)

skin surrounding the eye

What is the insertion for the muscle seen within this image?

small granule cells

What is the main neuron type in the cerebellum?

pre-frontal cortex

What is the most anterior region of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum?

d

What is the name and action of the structure highlighted in green? a. Zygomaticus major m.; elevates and everts the upper lip b. Zygomaticus major m; elevates the angle of the mouth c. Zygomaticus minor m.; elevates the angle of the mouth d. Zygomaticus minor m.; Elevates and everts the upper lip

b

What is the name and action of the structure highlighted in red? a. Zygomaticus major m.; elevates and everts the upper lip b. Zygomaticus major m; elevates the angle of the mouth c. Zygomaticus minor m.; elevates the angle of the mouth d. Zygomaticus minor m.; Elevates and everts the upper lip

galea aponeurotica is the orgin and skin of eyebrows is the insertion

What is the origin and insertion of the structure highlighted in this image?

a

What is the origin and insertion of the structure within this image? a. Orgin: Zygomatic bone; Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth b. Orgin: Zygomatic bone; Insertion: Skin of the upper lip

a

What is the origin and point of insertion for the Omohyoid muscle? a. Origin: Upper border of the scapula Insertion: Hyoid bone b. Origin: Manbrium of sternum Insertion: Hyoid bone c. Origin: Manubrium of sternum Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of the larynx d. Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Hyoid bone

b

What is the origin and point of insertion for the Sternohyoid muscle? a. Origin: Upper border of the scapula Insertion: Hyoid bone b. Origin: Manbrium of sternum Insertion: Hyoid bone c. Origin: Manubrium of sternum Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of the larynx d. Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Hyoid bone

c

What is the origin and point of insertion for the Sternothyroid muscle? a. Origin: Upper border of the scapula Insertion: Hyoid bone b. Origin: Manbrium of sternum Insertion: Hyoid bone c. Origin: Manubrium of sternum Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of the larynx d. Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Hyoid bone

d

What is the origin and point of insertion for the Thyrohyoid muscle? a. Origin: Upper border of the scapula Insertion: Hyoid bone b. Origin: Manbrium of sternum Insertion: Hyoid bone c. Origin: Manubrium of sternum Insertion: Thyroid cartilage of the larynx d. Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Hyoid bone

b

What is the origin of the structure highlighted within this image? a. Medial orbital margin b. Medial orbital margin and zygomatic bone c. Maxilla d. Maxilla and zygomatic bone

a

What is the site of origin and insertion for the structure seen in this image? a. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Skin around the lips b. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Angle of the Mouth c. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Skin of the chin d. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Fibers of the orbicularis oris m.

b

What is the site of origin and insertion for the structure seen in this image? a. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Skin around the lips b. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Angle of the Mouth c. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Skin of the chin d. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Fibers of the orbicularis oris m.

c

What is the site of origin and insertion for the structure seen in this image? a. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Skin around the lips b. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Angle of the Mouth c. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Skin of the chin d. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Fibers of the orbicularis oris m.

d

What is the site of origin and insertion for the structure seen in this image? a. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Skin around the lips b. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Angle of the Mouth c. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Skin of the chin d. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Fibers of the orbicularis oris m.

d

What is the site of origin and insertion for the structure seen in this image? a. Origin: Maxilla and mandible Insertion: Skin around the lips b. Origin: Mandible Insertion: Angle of the Mouth c. Origin: Zygomatic bone Insertion: Skin of the chin d. Origin: Zygomatic arch and bone Insertion: Angle and lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible

a

What is the structure shown in green? a. Masseter m. b. Buccinator m. c. Mentalis m. d. Zygomaticus major m.

A. Grey matter B. White matter

What letter does the grey matter correspond with and what letter does the white matter correspond with?

Zygomatic branch of facial n. (CN VII)

What nerve innervates the zygomaticus major m. and the zygomaticus minor m.?

parotid duct

What structure is seen in this image?

frontal association area

Where is information relayed where movements are planned, refined, and force output is programmed?

cerebellum

Which has more neurons, the cerebellum or cerebrum?

Occipital lobe

Which lobe does not have a fissure that divides it from the other lobes?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe processes somatic sensory stimuli?

Temporal

Which lobe's function is for audition (hearing)?

parietal

Which lobe's function is somatic sensory?

Masseter muscle

Which muscle is responsible for the elevation of the mandible?

b

Which nerve innervates the Depressor anguli oris m.? a. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII) b. Mandibular branch of the facial n. (CN VII) c. Zygomatic branch of the facial n. (CN VII

b

Which nerve innervates the Mentalis m.? a. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII) b. Mandibular branch of the facial n. (CN VII) c. Zygomatic branch of the facial n. (CN VII)

a

Which nerve innervates the Orbicularis oris m.? a. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII) b. Mandibular branch of the facial n. (CN VII) c. Zygomatic branch of the facial n. (CN VII)

c

Which of the following is the function of the structure highlighted within this image and what is the name of the structure? a. Occipitofrontalis m.; closes the eyelids b. Orbicularis oculi; raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead c. Occipitofrontalis m.; raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead d. Orbicularis oculi; closes the eyelids

d

Which of the following is the function of the structure highlighted within this image and what is the name of the structure? a. Occipitofrontalis m.; closes the eyelids b. Orbicularis oculi; raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead c. Occipitofrontalis m.; raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead d. Orbicularis oculi; closes the eyelids

d

Which of the following nerves innervates the structure shown in green? a. Buccal branch of the facial n. (CN VII) b. Mandibular branch of the facial n. (CN VII) c. Zygomatic branch of the facial n. (CN VII) d. Mandibular branch (V3) of the trigmenal n. (CN V)

Cerebrum= higher thought Cerebellum= base line functions

Which part of the brain is associated with "higher thought" and which part of the brain is associated with base line functions such as respiratory and heart rate?

pre-frontal cortex

Which region of the frontal lobe is where conscious decision is made and the seat of personality, motivation, and judgetment?

c

Which structure is seen here and what is its function? a. Genohyoid- depression of the mandible b. Digastric- Elevates the hyoid bone and the toungue during deglutition c. Genohyoid- Elevates the hyoid bone and the toungue during deglutition d. Digastric- depression of the mandible

c

Which structure is seen here and what is its function? a. Mylohyoid- depression of the mandible b. Digastric- Elevates the hyoid bone and the toungue during deglutition c. Mylohyoid- elevates the hyoid, the tongue, and the floor of the oral cavity, and depresses the mandible. d. Digastric- depression of the mandible

d

Which structure is seen here and what is its function? a. Mylohyoid- depression of the mandible b. Digastric- Elevates the hyoid bone and the toungue during deglutition c. Mylohyoid- raises the floor of the oral cavity, elevate the hyoid, elevates the tongue, and depresses the mandible. d. Digastric- depression of the mandible

b

Which structure is seen in green within the image and what is it's function? a. Sternohyoid m. b. Omohyoid m. c. Sternothyroid m. d. Thyrohyoid m.

White matter in the brain composed of axons and those are grouped into bundles called nerve tracts.

White matter in the brain is composed of ________ and those are grouped into bundles called _______ _______.