Ancient greece- Athens and Sparta

What ideas from Spartan and/or Athenian education systems are incorporated into modern education?

- Elementary school, you must play the recorder - In each level of school you must learn a variety of different subjects, as in Athens - Middle school and high school you have different teachers for each subject - All school: physical education most of the time required - Morals learned in school through each class and through the rules of the school, as in Athens and Sparta. - Athens= Goal to create a well-rounded person, Modern school too.

The Greek age of expansion from 750-550

A large number of greeks left their land and dispersed abroad to form colonies. They left because they desired good farmland, and they desired a growth of Greek trade. The colonies were established as independent Poleis.

Decline of Minoan Society

After 1700 BCE, there were earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis that weakened the city. After 1450 BCE, the Minoan wealth attracted many invaders to Minos, which also weakened the city. By 1100 BCE, Crete fell over foreign domination by the Mycenaeans.

Cleisthenes and the rise of Athenian democracy

Cleisthenes gained power with the backing of Athenian citizens, who had reform in mind. Cleisthenes created the council of 500, who supervised foreign affairs and the treasury, and proposed the laws that would be voted on by the assembly. He also brought more power to the Athenian assembly of male men who were the final authority to pass laws after a debate. Thus Cleisthenes created the foundations of Athenian democracy by making citizens the most powerful part of the government.

Themistocles

Created the Athenian Navy

The Battle of Marathon

Daruis's revenge: the Persians station their army on the plain of Marathon, 26 miles out of Athens. The Athenians defeated the persians, even though they were outnumbered. It was a minor defeat to the persians, but the Athenians proved the Persians could be beaten, and took pride in the victory. The battle preserved Athenian freedom: It boosted Athenian pride and confidence, and also, the race of the Marathon was derived from this battle after Pheidippides ran back to announce the victory and dropped dead.

Minoan Society

Flourished around 2600 BCE. In Minoan society, women had more rights, there were many religious shrines, and there were places with frescoes. Palace in Minos thought to be the origin of the labyrinth.

What geographical elements did the greeks have or not have as opposed to Mesopotamia, India, or China?

Greece did not have a main river or rivers. They were situated on the coast of the salty Mediterranean and Aegean instead. There were many islands, which made Greece hard to conquer as a whole, and also made it harder for Greek people to unify. There was not good soil for farming, as the area was rocky and mountainous.

Why didn't Solon's reforms solve athen's problems?

He didnt give land to peasants, so aristocrats still held all the good land, thus the aristocrats were still in power. This monopoly by aristocrats was athen's main problem.

Who did Tyrants favor the interests of?

Merchants and Traders

The Mycenaean Age

Mycenaeans were indo-european immigrants who settled in the Greek area around 2000 BCE. They adopted the minoan "Linear A" writing into their "Linear B" script. They fortified agricultural settlements in Peloponnesus. Their most important settlement was Mycenae. Their society resembled Aryan society in the was that there was emphasis on war and trade. Mycenaeans were ruled by the strongest of nobles, which resulted in constant strife. Hellenic (Mycenaeans) invaders continued to expand and move throughout areas around greece. They seemed to have raided into Palestine, Egypt, and the Philistines.

Athenian democracy under Pericles

Pericles expanded the new Athenian empire abroad. Democracy flourished in Athens. He created an assembly of all male citizens over 18., who passed all laws, elected public officials, and made final decisions on war and foreign policy. Usually, only respected leaders within the assembly spoke, but the floor was open for any assembly member. Pericles gave lower-class citizens a chance to become a public officer, which wasn't an option in the past. He payed officeholders, including the Athenian Jury, so that the poor could take part in public affairs. He created a new form of government that was more centralized around the people than ever before. There were 10 officials known as generals who were directors of policy. These officials could be re-elected. However, Ostracism could throw them out. Pericles also used money brought in by the Delian league to fund a massive rebuild project in Athens, where new temples, statues, architecture, art, and philosophy were funded and grown.

Oligarchy

Rule or government by the few, usually an exclusive business class.

Define: Tyrant

Rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law.

Order of Rulers of Athens

Solon Pisistratus Cleisthenes Themistocles Pericles

The reforms of Solon

Solon was a reform minded Aristocrat. Solon was put into power as a reaction by aristocratic rulers to the citizen revolts. Solon canceled all land debts of citizens, and he freed people who were slaves due to their debt. However, he did not give the poor land from the rich, which was Athens main problem. Aristocrats still held too much power, and the poor had no land to go to.

Places colonies were established during the greek age of expansion

Southern Italy, Southern France, Eastern Spain, North Africa, West Egypt, Thrace, Hellespont, Bosphorus, Byzantium

The end of Greek civilization

Sparta and it's allies eventually crushed the Athenian empire in war and the Athenian empire thus ended. However, the war took away the recognition by the Greek people of the powerful Macedonian empire to the north. The war also weakened the powers of each city-state, which made them more vulnerable.

What were tensions between Athens and Sparta that sparked war?

Sparta and its allies were growing worried about the expansion and strengthening of Athens. They also disliked Athenian society. Athens did not like Spartan society either.

Why did Sparta become a military-based civilization?

Sparta needed more land. Instead of forming new colonies in different parts of ancient europe and asia, they conquered their neighbors Messenia even though they were outnumbered and out-sized. Spartans made the Messenians there serfs, and the Messenians were forced to work the spartan land for the spartan's benefit. In the 7th century BCE, the Messenians tried to revold against the spartans, which the spartans were able to suppress with much effort. Sparta then on decided to make a permanent militia of warriors and make their state military based to make sure they controlled the Messenians forever.

600 BCE in Sparta

Sparta turned their state into a military camp

pedagouge

male servant or slave who was a constant companion to young males and who taught them manners and disciplined them.

Which period of Greek history was the Iliad and the Odyssey referring to?

the Mycenaean Age

What was the name of the long war between Athens and Sparta and it's allies?

the Peloponnesian War

Spartan Women's Lives

Spartan women lived at home. They were separated from their husbands while they lived in the barracks or were at war, but this separation allowed more freedom for the woman as she excersised the responsibility of being the true head of her household. Spartan women were expected to excersise regularly and remain fit in order to bear and raise healthy children. Spartan women upheld strict spartan values, which was motivating to their husbands and children, in particular male children growing up to be a warrior. Spartan women were serious about military glory, and they had a strong sense of pride in their country.

Aristotle

The "great thinker" of the Ancient world. Excelled in every field and/or subject.

Why did the Athenians refuse to abolish the Delian League?

The Delian League made Athens tons of money, and they used this money to improve Athens aesthetically.

What was evidence of the Delian League's success?

The Delian League pursued an attack against the Persian empire and were able to liberate all Greek states under persian control on the Aegean Sea.

The Battle of Salamis

The Greek fleet remained on the shore near the island of Salamis while Athens was destroyed. The Greeks then challenged the Persians to war at Salamis. The army managed to outsmart the persians despite their lesser numbers, and crushed the Persians in defeat.

What was formed around 479 BCE?

The Greeks founded the largest army in Greece thus far, and defeated the war against the Persians.

What was the basic textbook for the education of Greek males?

The Iliad/ The Odyssey

What was the great problem Greek civilization never solved?

They never solved the problem of their many un-unified states. There was a lack of unity and cohesion between greek states which made them less powerful than their potential. The isolated and reserved poleis led to feircely independent and patriotic poleis which lead in controversy and warfare, namely the Peloponnesian War. These Poleis had similar background beliefs and systems, such as some morals, language, and religion, but different outlooks on how their city should be run and how their citizens should behave.

What role did Tyrants play in the development of Greek history?

They opened the door and paved the road towards democracy. They weakened the power of Aristocracy and Aristocrats.

What was the result of Greek city-states distrust of eachother?

They were so separated and therefore different and not unified which led to each state not trusting the other and lead to conflict over differences in each state. The focus on eachother lead to the greeks overlook on the great and threatening Macedonian empire to the north. Greek battles weakened Greece and let the Macedonian's conquer them.

Athenian foreign policy under Pericles

To create and expand a greater Athenian empire. They must take control of other poleis.

Sparta's policy for security.

To keep their state secure, spartan's isolated themselves from the rest of the world. No foreigners, who might advocate new ideas and therefore influence citizen revolt, were allowed to enter Sparta. Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad other than for military purposes, so they wouldn't pick up new ideas. Spartan citizens were also discouraged from reading philosophy, literature, or the arts, because these encourage new thoughts into Spartan minds. The art of war was a Spartan ideal; all other ideals were frowned upon.

What were the expectations for Spartan women?

To remain fit and hold strict Spartan values, to make sure they raise spartan girls to be like them and spartan males to be harsh warriors. Also to motivate their warrior husbands to excel in war while they are at home.

Pisistratus as a Tyrant

Tyranny came as a result of Solon's failed attempts at solving Athenian problems. Pisistratus, a tyrant, aided Athenian trade; he was popular with merchants. He took portions of land from nobles and gave it to peasants; he was popular with the poor. However, when his son succeeded him, he ruined the regime and athens threw him out.

What arguments does Athens use when it tells the men of Melos to surrender?

We won't say we have a right to imperialism because for example, we defeated Persia. Don't try to convince us you aren't affiliated with Sparta, our enemy. We are both practical people but us Athenians are stronger so we will do what we must and you, being weaker, must accept it. We don't want the trouble of integrating you into our empire. Save yourself from disaster and surrender. Don't count on hope.

What arguments do the Melians use, to explain why they won't surrender to the Athenians?

When someone is in danger, they should have a right to a fair game, a deal, and they should be able to use flawed arguments and profit from them. We don't want to be your slaves, we would rather be your allies or friends but you won't let us. If we surrender, we will have no hope, but if we fight we will at least have a small hope of no slavery. We must preserve our honor as Spartans. We want to be neutral. The gods will save us because they see that we are doing the right thing by fighting against being your slaves.

The battle of Thermopylae

Xerxes planned to invade Greece, so some Greek states allied their militia with Sparta for defense. The Athenians followed a new plan by Themistocles to build a navy. The persians sent 150,000 troops, about 700 naval ships, and hundreds of supply ships for troop's food on the way to greece. Under the leadership of Sparta, the greeks tried to hold off the coming of the Persians at the pass of Thermopylae. A greek traitor told the Persians how to take a mountain path to outsmart the greek army. All greeks died at the battle. (all greek soldgers). Athenians abandoned their city and the Persians sacked it and burned it to the ground.

Polis

a. A town, city, or village, along with it's surrounding countryside. The city controls the countryside. The main city or town served as a central meeting point for social, political, and religious events. The meeting point was usually an acropolis. b. A community of citizens that shared common identity and goals.

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Which polis led the Delian League?

The main officials of the Delian league were Athenian. However, the headquarters were on the island of Delos.

Why did some early states in Greece support Tyranny as a form of government?

The support came from the newly wealthy, who made their money in industry and trade, and from peasants, who were in debt due to land-hoarding Aristocrats. Both groups were tired of domination and rule by Aristocrats and wanted change.

Acropolis

The upper, fortified part of a polis, city, or town that served as a central meeting point and sometimes as a place for refuge.

How did geography play an important role in the development of Greek history?

There was a lack of unity between states which lead to disorder and conflict. Greece was spread out which lead to developing complex trade. Lots of independent poleis

The Greek Dark Ages

There was chaos in the eatern Mediterranean 800-400 BCE. Troy may have been a Hittite state and trade rival to Mycenaeans at the time. This may have been the time of the Trojan War, as the alleged tomb of Agamemnon was excavated by Von Schliemann.

What was the cause and result of the great Peloponnesian war?

There was tension and strife between athens and Sparta, and Sparta was concerned with athens expansion. Thanks to the war, all city-states were made weaker by constant fighting, which gave Macedonians their opportunity to invade and conquer Greece.

What did Tyrants do within Greek cities?

They built new temples,walls, and marketplaces. They glorified their city to increase their own popularity.

What were the underlying assumptions of the Athenian democracy?

-All citizens have the right to participate -Only males 18 and older were considered citizens -Everyone was equal or at least no one person should attempt to dominate without the will of the whole people (hence Ostracism for those who threatened to destabilize the polis)

Stages in the life of a Spartan Male

0- Male is deemed fit or unfit to live. If unfit, the child is left to die on a mountainside. 1-7- Child is raised by mother withholding strong spartan moral and beliefs. 7-20- Child sent into government control where he recieves a spartan education including spartan morals, war tactics, and physical training 20- Spartan officially enrolled in the army for regular service. They are allowed to marry but must live in Military Barracks. Meals eaten in public. 30- Spartan is allowed to live at home and is allowed to vote in the assembly, but they are still in the army. 60- Spartan retires from the army

What were the 3 steps the Spartan Government took to ensure the safety of their state?

1. No visitors in Sparta 2. No spartan could travel abroad for reasons other than with the military 3. Spartans were discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, and the arts.

When did the Mycenaean civilization reach its height?

1400-1200 BCE

The Government of Sparta

2 kings who lead army campaigns. 5 men known as ephors elected annually to control education and conduct of citizens. The council of elders, who was composed of Sparta's 2 kings along with 28 male citizens over 60, decided on the agenda of issues to be presented to an assembly. The spartan assembly was composed of only male citizens over 30 who voted on issues presented by the Council of Elders.

Date List of Ancient Greece

2600- Minoan Culture Flourished 1750s- Minoans end, Mycenaeans rise 1250s- Trojan War 1100s- Mycenaeans Fall 1100s-800s- Greek Dark Age 800s- Greek polis develops 776- First Olympic Games 750- 550 BCE- Greek Age of Expansion Early 6th- Solon gives laws to the Athenians 510 BCE- Cleisthenes, Athens becomes a democracy 480 BCE- Persians invade Greece, battle of Thermopylae and Salamis. 431-404 BCE- Peloponnesian War; Sparta wins, but all of Greece is weakened. End of Athens 338 BCE- Philip of Macedonia conquers all Greeks 336- Phillip of Macedonia assassinated, Alexander his son takes over

The Trokia of Greek Philosiphers

Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato

What was significant about the Age of Pericles?

Athenian democracy came to be in this time, and was at it's height. This was the Athenian Golden Age.

Late 7th century problems in the polis of Athens

Athens had become an oligarchy when power was brought into the hands of Aristocrats. The aristocrats owned the best land, and controlled political life. There was a council or nobles who was assisted by a board of 9 rulers called archons, but these were all aristocrats. The assembly with all citizens had little power. This caused political turmoil. Farmers were sold as slaves when they couldn't pay their debt to their Aristocratic neighbors. Citizens revolted to try and make rulers give land to the poor, and Athens was on the verge of civil war.

What happens to the polis of Melos?

Athens killed all fighting Melian men. They enslaved and sold the women and children.

Agora

Below an acropolis. Served as an assembly point and a market.

Why did Spartan women have more priveledges that most other society's women in ancient times?

In ancient times, women were isolated and controlled by their husbands. Beauty and will was only a small part of a woman's life; most of it was to marry, and to bear and raise children. They were not educated because the men saw that there was no point if they were never going to use it. Spartan society looked at the role of women differently. Although they were not considered a citizen, women had many of the same rights as men including education and exercise in public. Spartan women were seen to need these rights in order to influence their kids, who's fathers were not present most of their life, to live with high spartan moral and health; being smart and fit was part of the package to bearing and raising healthy children. Since ancient Greece was a patrilineal society, this was highly cherished in Sparta, especially because men often died in battle and needed a strong successor. Women, while men were either living in military barracks or at war, had the utmost authority in the house and right of movement within their land, which let them exercised responsibility and authority. They organized slave work around the house and raised the children. In other areas, women were kept in the house but were still under the rule of their husbands and never exercised power. This is why Spartan women have more privileges.

Helot

In the society of ancient Sparta, a serf bound to the land

What hardships or dangers would Greek emigrants have faced?

It is hard to start completely from scratch. The emigrants did not know much about the land they immigrated too. The immigrants do not know the natives on the land, which might have caused trouble or tension. The emigrants could have become homesick from leaving Greece. The immigrants do not know the native language of the new land. The process of moving was very dangerous at the time. The immigrants did not know if the land was even suitable for farming plants and herding animals before moving there.

Sea Peoples

The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty

Socrates

The Socratic Method founder, the Socratic Seminar founder. The Socratic Method was the idea that humans were born with all their possible knowledge, and that humans must ask themselves strategic questions throughout life in order to obtain their knowledge.

Why did Sparta emphasize its army over everything else?

The Spartans made their state a miltary camp in order to secure power over their Messenian Helots who had revolted and caused much distress. Before, spartans were very similar to other Greek poleis. But after, their identity as an acelled military state gave Sparta an identity and power they never had. People had something big at the time, military power, that gave them pride in their city. War and the military became highly integrated into everone' s lives, because a person was either destined to join the military or destined to have a husband and/or child in the military. Now that Sparta was closely tied to the military and not much after that, this was considered the Spartan way of life and the most important aspect of their society, protection, and government, which made it highly emphasized.

Why was there a new group of rich men after Greek expansion?

The expansion gave people who wanted political power to people who wanted political power but couldn't have it due to the power of Aristocrats' wealth. The new group derived their money and power through new trade.

Arete

The highest virtue in Homeric society; the manliness, courage, and excellence that equipped a hero to acquire and defend honor

Plato

wrote "The Republic". Plato believed there were many different ways to rule society, but the best was was a society ruled by the "Philosopher King".